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Sex determination systems in reptiles are related to ambient temperature but not to the level of climatic fluctuation.
BMC Evolutionary Biology ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-17 , DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01671-y
Paola Cornejo-Páramo 1, 2 , Andrés Lira-Noriega 3 , Ciro Ramírez-Suástegui 1, 2 , Fausto R Méndez-de-la-Cruz 4 , Tamás Székely 2, 5 , Araxi O Urrutia 2, 6 , Diego Cortez 1
Affiliation  

Vertebrates exhibit diverse sex determination systems and reptiles stand out by having highly variable sex determinations that include temperature-dependent and genotypic sex determination (TSD and GSD, respectively). Theory predicts that populations living in either highly variable or cold climatic conditions should evolve genotypic sex determination to buffer the populations from extreme sex ratios, yet these fundamental predictions have not been tested across a wide range of taxa. Here, we use phylogenetic analyses of 213 reptile species representing 38 families (TSD = 101 species, GSD = 112 species) and climatic data to compare breeding environments between reptiles with GSD versus TSD. We show that GSD and TSD are confronted with the same level of climatic fluctuation during breeding seasons. However, TSD reptiles are significantly associated with warmer climates. We found a strong selection on the breeding season length that minimises exposure to cold and fluctuating climate. Phylogenetic path analyses comparing competing evolutionary hypotheses support that transitions in sex determination systems influenced the ambient temperature at which the species reproduces and nests. In turn, this interaction affects other variables such as the duration of the breeding season and life-history traits. Taken together, our results challenge long-standing hypotheses about the association between sex determination and climate variability. We also show that ambient temperature is important during breeding seasons and it helps explain the effects of sex determination systems on the geographic distribution of extant reptile species.

中文翻译:

爬行动物中的性别确定系统与环境温度有关,但与气候波动水平无关。

脊椎动物表现出不同的性别决定系统,而爬行动物因具有高度可变的性别决定而引人注目,其中包括温度依赖性和基因型性别决定(分别为TSD和GSD)。理论预测,生活在高度可变或寒冷气候条件下的人群应发展基因型性别决定,以缓冲极端性别比例的人口,但这些基本预测尚未在广泛的分类单元中得到检验。在这里,我们使用代表38个科(TSD = 101种,GSD = 112种)的213种爬行动物的系统发育分析和气候数据来比较GSD与TSD的爬行动物之间的繁殖环境。我们表明,GSD和TSD在繁殖季节面临相同水平的气候波动。然而,TSD爬行动物与气候变暖显着相关。我们在繁殖季节的长度上找到了很多选择,可以最大程度地减少暴露于寒冷和多变的气候。系统进化路径分析比较了相互竞争的进化假说,这表明性别决定系统的转变影响了该物种繁殖和筑巢的环境温度。反过来,这种相互作用会影响其他变量,例如繁殖季节的持续时间和生活史特征。综上所述,我们的结果挑战了关于性别决定与气候变异之间关系的长期假设。我们还表明,环境温度在繁殖季节很重要,它有助于解释性别确定系统对现存爬行动物物种地理分布的影响。我们在繁殖季节的长度上找到了很多选择,可以最大程度地减少暴露于寒冷和多变的气候。系统进化路径分析比较了相互竞争的进化假说,这表明性别决定系统的转变影响了该物种繁殖和筑巢的环境温度。反过来,这种相互作用会影响其他变量,例如繁殖季节的持续时间和生活史特征。综上所述,我们的结果挑战了关于性别决定与气候变异之间关系的长期假设。我们还表明,环境温度在繁殖季节很重要,它有助于解释性别确定系统对现存爬行动物物种地理分布的影响。我们在繁殖季节的长度上找到了很多选择,可以最大程度地减少暴露于寒冷和多变的气候。系统进化路径分析比较了相互竞争的进化假说,这表明性别决定系统的转变影响了该物种繁殖和筑巢的环境温度。反过来,这种相互作用会影响其他变量,例如繁殖季节的持续时间和生活史特征。综上所述,我们的结果挑战了关于性别决定与气候变异之间关系的长期假设。我们还表明,环境温度在繁殖季节很重要,它有助于解释性别确定系统对现存爬行动物物种地理分布的影响。
更新日期:2020-08-17
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