ABSTRACT

X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs) deliver intense, coherent, femtosecond X-ray laser pulses. They are opening new research fields of studying ultrafast electronic and structural dynamics in various forms of matter and interaction of intense and short X-ray pulses with matter. For such studies, atoms, molecules, and atomic clusters in the gas phase may provide us with ideal platforms as various levels of experimental methods and theory are within reach. Developing experimental setups of electron and ion spectroscopies for gas-phase experiments at SACLA, a low-repetition rate X-ray free electron laser facility in Japan, we have studied the interaction of intense, short X-ray pulses with atoms, molecules, and atomic clusters. Via these experimental investigations and modelling efforts, we gain insight into the interaction of these intense pulses with the single-particle targets and extracted the information about how they are modified during the X-ray pulse duration. We summarize these studies in the present review. The information reported here will be important for any XFEL applications as the scattering signal used to image any targets may be strongly influenced by the XFEL-induced dynamics that occur in the target within the pulse duration.

摘要

X射线自由电子激光器（XFEL）发出强烈，相干的飞秒X射线激光脉冲。他们开辟了新的研究领域，以研究各种形式的物质中的超快电子和结构动力学以及强短X射线脉冲与物质的相互作用。对于此类研究，气相中的原子，分子和原子团簇可以为我们提供理想的平台，因为各种水平的实验方法和理论都可以触及。在日本低重复率X射线免费电子激光设备SACLA上开发用于气相实验的电子和离子光谱学的实验装置，我们研究了短而强烈的X射线脉冲与原子，分子和原子之间的相互作用。原子团簇。通过这些实验研究和建模工作，我们深入了解了这些强脉冲与单粒子目标之间的相互作用，并提取了有关在X射线脉冲持续时间内它们如何被修饰的信息。我们在本综述中总结了这些研究。此处报告的信息对于任何XFEL应用都是重要的，因为用于成像任何目标的散射信号可能会受到XFEL诱导的在脉冲持续时间内在目标中发生的动力学的强烈影响。