Both biotic and abiotic factors play important roles in influencing ecological distributions and niche limits. Where biotic and abiotic stressors co‐occur in space and time, homeostatic systems face a scenario in which stressors can compound to impose a challenge that is greater than the sum of the separate factors. We studied the homeostatic strategies of the golden snub‐nosed monkey Rhinopithecus roxellana, a species living in temperate deciduous forests at the edge of the global distribution range for folivorous primates, to cope with the co‐occurrence of cold temperatures and resource scarcity during winter. We discovered that in winter the monkeys experience a dietary energy deficit of 101 kJ mbm⁻¹ d⁻¹ compared with calculated needs, despite increased feeding. This is partly offset by behavioral changes (reduced locomotion and increased resting) and reducing skin temperature by an average of 3.2°C through a cutaneous vasoconstriction to decrease heat loss. However, their major strategy is ingesting surplus energy and accumulating fat reserves when food was not limiting during summer and autumn. Their 14% of body mass lost over the winter represented an energy yield of 102 kJ mbm⁻¹ d⁻¹, which closely matched the calculated winter energy deficit of 101 kJ mbm⁻¹ d⁻¹. However, the latter value assumes that all the 75.41 kJ mbm⁻¹ d⁻¹ of protein ingested in winter was available for energy metabolism. This is almost certainly an over‐estimate, suggesting that the study population was in negative energy balance over the study period. Our study therefore suggests that despite its suit of integrated homeostatic responses, the confluence of low temperatures and resource limitation during winter places this edge‐of‐range primate close the threshold of what is energetically viable. It also provides a framework for quantitative models predicting the vulnerability of temperate primates to global change.

中文翻译：

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寒冷和饥饿：低温和资源短缺对温带灵长类灵长类灵长类动物（金丝猴）的综合影响

生物因子和非生物因子在影响生态分布和生态位限制方面都起着重要作用。当生物和非生物应激源在空间和时间上同时出现时，体内平衡系统会面临这样的情况，即应激源可能会复合在一起，施加大于单独因素总和的挑战。我们研究了金黄色鼻鼻猴Rhinopithecus roxellana的稳态策略，该物种生活在温带落叶林中，分布在叶类灵长类动物的边缘，以应对冬季出现的低温和资源匮乏的情况。我们发现，在冬天，猴子的饮食能量缺乏为101 kJ mbm ^-1  d ^-1尽管增加了喂食量，但与计算出的需求相比。这被行为改变（运动减少和休息增加）以及通过皮肤血管收缩使皮肤温度平均降低3.2°C以减少热量损失而部分抵消。但是，他们的主要策略是在夏季和秋季食物不受限制的情况下摄入多余的能量并积累脂肪储备。他们在冬季损失的14％体重代表了102 kJ mbm ^-1  d ^-1的能量产量，与计算出的101 kJ mbm ^-1  d ^-1的冬季能量赤字非常接近。但是，后一个值假定所有75.41 kJ mbm ^-1  d ^-1冬季摄入的蛋白质中有一部分可用于能量代谢。这几乎可以肯定是高估了，这表明研究人群在研究期间处于负能量平衡状态。因此，我们的研究表明，尽管适合综合体内稳态反应，但冬季的低温和资源限制的融合使这一范围灵长类灵长类动物接近了能量上可行的阈值。它还为预测温带灵长类动物对全球变化的脆弱性的定量模型提供了框架。