Increasing globalization has made many chemical supply chains large, interdependent and complex. Process incidents often affect the reliability of a supply chain and can cause large disruptions at different segments of the industry. We propose an optimization-based framework that systematically takes into account the trade-offs between process safety and supply chain economics for decision-making. We quantify the hazard at various supply chain echelons in the form of a safety index that takes both fire and toxic hazards into account. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP)-based model is developed to either maximize profit for specified hazard limits, or to minimize hazard in a supply chain with multiple production plants, technological options, warehouses and distribution nodes. The MINLP model is used to generate trade-off optimal solutions for various toxic and fire hazard limits. The framework is demonstrated by applying it to an end-to-end ammonia supply chain case study which resulted in several non-intuitive observations regarding hazardous supply chain design and optimization.

全球化的加剧使许多化学品供应链变得庞大，相互依存和复杂。过程事件通常会影响供应链的可靠性，并可能在行业的不同部门造成较大的中断。我们提出了一个基于优化的框架，该框架系统地考虑了过程安全性与供应链经济学之间的权衡以供决策。我们以安全指标的形式量化各种供应链梯队的危害，该指标同时考虑了火灾和有毒危害。开发了基于混合整数非线性规划（MINLP）的模型，以最大化指定危害极限的利润，或将具有多个生产工厂，技术选择，仓库和分销节点的供应链中的危害最小化。MINLP模型用于针对各种有毒和火灾危害限值生成折衷的最佳解决方案。该框架通过将其应用于端到端氨供应链案例研究得到了证明，该案例研究得出了关于危险供应链设计和优化的一些非直觉性的观察结果。