Hybrid cauliflower production predominately relies on pollen transfer from hermaphrodite to female lines by honeybees. However, the presence of other pollinators may impact pollination success. Here, we investigate how honeybee visitation frequency and behaviour vary with plant sex and presence of blowflies and affect seed and pod set. We found substantial pollen limitation when honeybees were alone. This was likely due to their higher visitation to hermaphrodite flowers, infrequent transition from hermaphrodite to female flowers and high nectar theft in female flowers. Pollen foragers fed on nectar on hermaphrodite, but not female flowers. Moreover, when blowflies were present, the seed set was lower than that with honeybees alone. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the plant mating system and pollinator foraging behaviour with and without other species present in order to maximize seed set in hybrid crops.

中文翻译：

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了解授粉媒介的觅食行为和花间的过渡率对于最大限度地提高杂交作物的种子结实率很重要

杂交花椰菜生产主要依靠蜜蜂将花粉从雌雄同体转移到雌性系。但是，其他授粉媒介的存在可能会影响授粉成功。在这里，我们调查蜜蜂的访问频率和行为如何随着植物性别和苍蝇的存在而变化，并影响种子和豆荚集。当蜜蜂单独时，我们发现了大量的花粉限制。这可能是由于它们对雌雄同体花的访问量更高，从雌雄同体到雌花的过渡很少，以及雌花中的花蜜盗窃率很高。花粉觅食者以雌雄同体的花蜜为食，但不以雌花为食。此外，当有苍蝇时，结实率低于单独使用蜜蜂的结实率。