Diffusion MRI (dMRI) has proven to be a useful imaging approach for both clinical diagnosis and research investigating the microstructures of nervous tissues, and it has helped us to better understand the neurophysiological mechanisms of many diseases. Though diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has long been the default tool to analyze dMRI data in clinical research, acquisition with stronger diffusion weightings beyond the DTI regimen is now possible with modern clinical scanners, potentially enabling even more detailed characterization of tissue microstructures. To take advantage of such data, neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI) has been proposed as a way to relate the dMRI signal to tissue features via biophysically inspired modeling. The number of reports demonstrating the potential clinical utility of NODDI is rapidly increasing. At the same time, the pitfalls and limitations of NODDI, and general challenges in microstructure modeling, are becoming increasingly recognized by clinicians. dMRI microstructure modeling is a rapidly evolving field with great promise, where people from different scientific backgrounds, such as physics, medicine, biology, neuroscience, and statistics, are collaborating to build novel tools that contribute to improving human healthcare. Here, we review the applications of NODDI in clinical research and discuss future perspectives for investigations toward the implementation of dMRI microstructure imaging in clinical practice.

扩散MRI（dMRI）已被证明是用于临床诊断和研究神经组织的微结构的有用成像方法，它有助于我们更好地理解许多疾病的神经生理机制。尽管扩散张量成像（DTI）长期以来一直是临床研究中分析dMRI数据的默认工具，但现代临床扫描仪现在可以在DTI方案之外获得更强的扩散权重，从而有可能对组织的微结构进行更详细的表征。为了利用这样的数据，已经提出了神经突取向弥散和密度成像（NODDI）作为通过生物物理学启发的建模将dMRI信号与组织特征相关联的方式。证明NODDI具有潜在临床用途的报告数量正在迅速增加。同时，NODDI的缺陷和局限性以及微观结构建模中的一般性挑战越来越被临床医生所认识。dMRI微观结构建模是一个快速发展的领域，具有广阔的前景，来自不同科学背景（例如物理学，医学，生物学，神经科学和统计学）的人们正在合作开发有助于改善人类医疗保健的新工具。在这里，我们回顾了NODDI在临床研究中的应用，并讨论了在临床实践中实施dMRI显微成像的研究的未来前景。被临床医生越来越认可。dMRI微观结构建模是一个快速发展的领域，具有广阔的前景，来自不同科学背景（例如物理学，医学，生物学，神经科学和统计学）的人们正在合作开发有助于改善人类医疗保健的新工具。在这里，我们回顾了NODDI在临床研究中的应用，并讨论了在临床实践中实施dMRI显微成像的研究前景。被临床医生越来越认可。dMRI微观结构建模是一个快速发展的领域，具有广阔的前景，来自不同科学背景（例如物理学，医学，生物学，神经科学和统计学）的人们正在合作开发有助于改善人类医疗保健的新工具。在这里，我们回顾了NODDI在临床研究中的应用，并讨论了在临床实践中实施dMRI显微成像的研究的未来前景。