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Long-term trends in the contribution of PM2.5 sources to organic carbon (OC) in the Los Angeles basin and the effect of PM emission regulations
Faraday Discussions ( IF 3.3 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-14 , DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00074d
Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri 1 , Milad Pirhadi , Sina Taghvaee , Constantinos Sioutas
Affiliation  

This study aimed to investigate the long-term variations in the contributions of emission sources to ambient PM2.5 organic carbon (OC) in central Los Angeles (CELA) and Riverside using the Chemical Speciation Network (CSN) database in the 2005–2015 period, during which several federal and state PM-based regulations were implemented to reduce tailpipe emissions in the region. The measured concentrations of OC, OC volatility fractions (i.e., OC1, OC2, and OC3), elemental carbon (EC), ozone (O3), sulfate, the ratio of potassium ion to potassium (K+/K), and selected metal elements were used as the input to the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. PMF resolved tailpipe emissions, non-tailpipe emissions, secondary organic aerosols (SOA), biomass burning, and local industrial activities as the main sources contributing to ambient OC at both sampling sites. Vehicular exhaust emissions, non-tailpipe emissions, and SOA were dominant sources of OC across our sampling sites, accounting cumulatively for more than 80% of total OC mass throughout the study period. Our findings showed a significant reduction in the absolute and relative contributions of tailpipe emissions to the ambient OC levels in CELA and Riverside over the time period of 2005–2015. The contribution of exhaust emissions to total OC in CELA decreased from 3.5 µg m−3 (49%) in 2005 to 1.5 µg m−3 (34%) in 2015, while similar trends were observed at Riverside during this period. These reductions are mainly attributed to the implementation of several federal, state, and local air quality regulations targeting tailpipe emissions in the area. The implementation of these regulations furthermore reduced the emissions of primary organic precursors of secondary aerosols, resulting in an overall decrease (although not statistically significant, P values ranging from 0.4 to 0.6) in SOA mass concentration in both locations over the study period. In contrast to the tailpipe emissions, we observed an increasing trend (by ∼4 to 14%) in the relative contribution of non-tailpipe emissions to OC over this time period at both sites. Our results demonstrated the effectiveness of air quality regulations in reducing direct tailpipe emissions in the area, but also underpinned the need to develop equally effective mitigation policies targeting non-tailpipe PM emissions.

中文翻译:

洛杉矶盆地PM2.5来源对有机碳(OC)贡献的长期趋势以及PM排放法规的影响

这项研究旨在使用化学形态网络(CSN)数据库研究2005年至2015年期间洛杉矶中部(CELA)和里弗赛德(Riverside)排放源对周围PM 2.5有机碳(OC)贡献的长期变化,在此期间,实施了几项基于联邦和州基于PM的法规,以减少该地区的排气管排放。测得的OC浓度,OC挥发性分数(OC 1,OC 2和OC 3),元素碳(EC),臭氧(O 3),硫酸盐,钾离子与钾的比例(K +/ K),并将选定的金属元素用作正矩阵分解(PMF)模型的输入。PMF解决了尾气排放,非尾气排放,二次有机气溶胶(SOA),生物质燃烧和当地工业活动,这是导致两个采样点的环境OC升高的主要来源。在我们的采样地点,车辆废气排放,非尾气排放和SOA是主要的OC来源,在整个研究期间累计占了OC总质量的80%以上。我们的研究结果表明,在2005–2015年期间,排气管排放量对CELA和里弗赛德市环境OC水平的绝对和相对贡献显着降低。CELA中废气排放对总OC的贡献从2005年的3.5 µg m -3(49%)降至1.5 µg m2015年为−3(34%),而在此期间在河滨地区也观察到了类似的趋势。这些减少主要归因于针对该地区排气管排放的几项联邦,州和当地空气质量法规的实施。这些规定的实施进一步减少了二次气溶胶的主要有机前体的排放,从而总体上减少了(尽管在统计学上不显着, P在研究期间,两个位置的SOA质量浓度在0.4到0.6之间。与尾气排放相反,我们观察到在这段时间内两个站点的非尾气排放对OC的相对贡献都有增加的趋势(约4%至14%)。我们的结果证明了空气质量法规在减少该地区直接排气管排放方面的有效性,同时也强调了针对非排气管PM排放制定同样有效的缓解政策的必要性。
更新日期:2020-08-14
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