Non-selectivity and dose-dependent side effects of doxorubicin (DOX), particularly cardio-toxicology as well as multidrug resistance in various tumor cells, have increased the demand for novel formulations with suitable efficiency and safety. Microformulations and nanoformulations have been shown to have satisfactory responses compared with that of conventional formulations. In this review, recent advances alongside the advantages and disadvantages of microformulations and nanoformulations are discussed. Doxil and Caelyx (PEGylated forms) as well as Myocet (non-PEGylated form) are presented as approved liposomal forms by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to increase blood circulation half-life of DOX. Liposomes, micelles, hydrogels, lipid nanoparticles (NPs), polymeric NPs, polymersomes, metal/metal oxide NPs, mesoporous silica NPs, carbon-based NPs, and quantum dots are all major carriers for DOX and discussed accordingly. Considering all extracellular and intracellular conditions of cancer cells is an indispensable affair to obtain promising DOX carriers. Lack of a comprehensive related to drug-resistance cancer cells particularly in metastasis stages is an important hindrance to get acceptable results. Understanding of the drug resistance mechanisms in cancers cells particularly, in metastasis stages, is a critical factor to prepare efficient formulations.

中文翻译：

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阿霉素微制剂和纳米制剂以提高治疗效率

阿霉素（DOX）的非选择性和剂量依赖性副作用，尤其是心脏毒理学以及各种肿瘤细胞中的多药耐药性，都增加了对具有合适效率和安全性的新型制剂的需求。与常规制剂相比，微制剂和纳米制剂已显示出令人满意的响应。在这篇综述中，讨论了最近的进展以及微配方和纳米配方的优缺点。Doxil和Caelyx（聚乙二醇化形式）以及Myocet（非聚乙二醇化形式）以美国食品药品监督管理局批准的脂质体形式存在，以延长DOX的血液循环半衰期。脂质体，胶束，水凝胶，脂质纳米颗粒（NP），聚合物NP，聚合物小体，金属/金属氧化物NP，中孔二氧化硅NP，碳基NP和量子点都是DOX的主要载体，因此进行了讨论。考虑到癌细胞的所有细胞外和细胞内状况是获得有希望的DOX载体必不可少的事情。尤其是在转移阶段，与耐药细胞缺乏全面的相关性是获得可接受结果的重要障碍。尤其是在转移阶段，了解癌细胞中的耐药机制是制备有效制剂的关键因素。缺乏与耐药性细胞特别是转移阶段有关的综合性癌症是获得可接受结果的重要障碍。尤其是在转移阶段，了解癌细胞中的耐药机制是制备有效制剂的关键因素。缺乏与耐药性细胞特别是转移阶段有关的综合性癌症是获得可接受结果的重要障碍。尤其是在转移阶段，了解癌细胞中的耐药机制是制备有效制剂的关键因素。