High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) power cables are being developed for a variety of applications including the electrical power grid, electrification of transportation, and high energy physics. The appeal of superconducting technology is its high current density — generally greater than 100 A/mm2 — compared with conventional copper and aluminum conductors, which generally do not support greater than 5 A/mm2. Thus, HTS wires and cables support high power ratings even at low and medium voltages, which reduce the size and weight of the electrical power systems. The size and weight reductions are essential to realize large all-electric ships and electric aircraft. HTS devices must be operated within the boundary of their respective critical temperature, critical current, and critical magnetic field [1]. Second generation HTS materials possess critical temperatures of ∼90 K. However, operating temperatures in the range of 50–70 K are typically required for HTS cables to support the desired operating current of many power-dense systems and to have a sufficient temperature margin to tolerate unexpected heat loads and fault currents. When a superconductor exceeds any of its three critical parameters, a quench will occur. A quench causes the HTS cable to transition to its normal state where it starts to display its high electrical resistance. The interdependency of the electrical and thermal properties of HTS materials also depends on the cryogen used to achieve the desired operating temperature. There are only a few cryogens compatible with the desired operating temperatures of <77 K, with liquid nitrogen (LN2) being the most commonly used for HTS cable applications for the electric power grid due to its abundance, low cost, and good electrical insulation and heat transfer properties. LN2-cooled HTS cables have been successfully demonstrated in the electrical power grid operating at 10–200 kV [2], [3]. The LN2-cooled 10 kV AC HTS cable installed as part of the Ampacity project in Essen, Germany demonstrated the potential of HTS technology to be economically feasible in urban areas. Installing the 10 kV HTS cable instead of a conventional 110 kV cable to supply the downtown area of Essen allowed for 4 out of 10, 110/10 kV transformer substations located in the center of Essen to be decommissioned and removed [2].

中文翻译：

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作为电绝缘材料的新型气体和气冷超导电力电缆的新设计

高温超导 (HTS) 电力电缆正在开发用于各种应用，包括电网、交通电气化和高能物理。与通常不支持大于 5 A/mm2 的传统铜和铝导体相比，超导技术的吸引力在于其高电流密度（通常大于 100 A/mm2）。因此，即使在中低压下，HTS 电线和电缆也支持高额定功率，从而减小了电力系统的尺寸和重量。尺寸和重量的减小对于实现大型全电动船舶和电动飞机至关重要。HTS 设备必须在其各自的临界温度、临界电流和临界磁场的边界内运行 [1]。第二代 HTS 材料的临界温度约为 90 K。 然而，HTS 电缆通常需要 50-70 K 范围内的工作温度，以支持许多功率密集系统所需的工作电流并具有足够的温度裕度以承受意外的热负载和故障电流。当超导体超过其三个关键参数中的任何一个时，就会发生失超。失超会导致 HTS 电缆过渡到正常状态，此时它开始显示出高电阻。HTS 材料的电气和热性能的相互依赖性还取决于用于达到所需工作温度的制冷剂。只有少数制冷剂与 <77 K 的所需工作温度兼容，液氮 (LN2) 因其丰富、成本低以及良好的电绝缘和传热特性而最常用于电网的 HTS 电缆应用。LN2 冷却的 HTS 电缆已在 10-200 kV 的电网中成功展示 [2]、[3]。作为德国埃森 Ampacity 项目的一部分安装的 LN2 冷却 10 kV 交流 HTS 电缆证明了 HTS 技术在城市地区具有经济可行性的潜力。安装 10 kV HTS 电缆而不是传统的 110 kV 电缆为埃森市中心地区供电，允许位于埃森市中心的 10 个 110/10 kV 变电站中有 4 个退役和拆除 [2]。以及良好的电绝缘和传热性能。LN2 冷却 HTS 电缆已在 10-200 kV 的电网中成功展示 [2]、[3]。作为德国埃森 Ampacity 项目的一部分安装的 LN2 冷却 10 kV 交流 HTS 电缆证明了 HTS 技术在城市地区具有经济可行性的潜力。安装 10 kV HTS 电缆而不是传统的 110 kV 电缆为埃森市中心地区供电，使得位于埃森市中心的 10 个 110/10 kV 变电站中有 4 个退役和拆除 [2]。以及良好的电绝缘和传热性能。LN2 冷却 HTS 电缆已在 10-200 kV 的电网中成功展示 [2]、[3]。作为德国埃森 Ampacity 项目的一部分安装的 LN2 冷却 10 kV 交流 HTS 电缆证明了 HTS 技术在城市地区具有经济可行性的潜力。安装 10 kV HTS 电缆而不是传统的 110 kV 电缆为埃森市中心地区供电，使得位于埃森市中心的 10 个 110/10 kV 变电站中有 4 个退役和拆除 [2]。德国展示了高温超导技术在城市地区经济可行的潜力。安装 10 kV HTS 电缆而不是传统的 110 kV 电缆为埃森市中心地区供电，使得位于埃森市中心的 10 个 110/10 kV 变电站中有 4 个退役和拆除 [2]。德国展示了高温超导技术在城市地区经济可行的潜力。安装 10 kV HTS 电缆而不是传统的 110 kV 电缆为埃森市中心地区供电，使得位于埃森市中心的 10 个 110/10 kV 变电站中有 4 个退役和拆除 [2]。