Summary The value of conventional long-term, carcinogenicity or reproductive studies would in many instances appear to depend upon the “insurance” they are held to provide and upon “no effect” levels, rather than upon the production of adverse effects that can be extrapolated to man. The development of alternatives to such studies necessitates refinement of the latter and the investigation of specific components and mechanisms of toxicity.

中文翻译：

---

替代方案是什么？

总结 传统的长期、致癌性或生殖研究的价值在许多情况下似乎取决于他们提供的“保险”和“无影响”水平，而不是可以推断的不利影响的产生对人。此类研究替代方案的开发需要改进后者并研究特定成分和毒性机制。