Urban centers are characterized by scarcity of outcrops. At the urban-planning level, the examination of results from previous geological surveys and studies may provide sufficient data for an accurate subsurficial geologic modeling. In addition, in historical centers a GIS-based multitemporal analysis of historical and archaeological maps, and the examination of archive documents and reports, may be effective especially for the detection of geomorphic changes. The application of such a methodology at the Esquiline Hill allowed to detect the three-millennia-long landscape-modification main phases connected with the construction of the oldest city walls. They include a unique sequence of anthropogenic aggradational and erosional phases that shaped many anthropogenic landforms, presently visible and invisible, or vanished. Among them, the anthropogenic hill Monte della Giustizia, vanished since the end of the 19th century CE when it was erased, and the military moat, excavated in the 6th century BCE and enlarged in the 4th century BCE, finally backfilled in the 4th century CE, since then invisible. These geomorphic changes lastly output a flat leveled landscape similar to the previous volcanic plateau. Results suggest that the “geomorphological convergence,” that is, the resemblance between natural landforms created by different morphogenetic processes, also exists between natural and artificial landforms. Moreover, the study evidenced relationships between landforms and the damage status of historical masonry buildings, specifically connected with their foundation over thick layers of geotechnically-weak anthropogenic deposits. This advises that the multidisciplinary approach may also provide risk managers additional geological features to be evaluated as potential sources of natural hazard.

中文翻译：

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三千年来与人类活动相关的景观和地貌：埃斯奎林山的塞尔维安城墙（意大利罗马）

城市中心的特点是露头稀少。在城市规划层面，对先前地质调查和研究结果的检查可以为准确的地下地质建模提供足够的数据。此外，在历史中心，基于 GIS 的历史和考古地图的多时态分析以及档案文件和报告的检查可能对检测地貌变化特别有效。在 Esquiline Hill 应用这种方法可以检测到与建造最古老的城墙相关的长达三千年的景观改造主要阶段。它们包括一系列独特的人为堆积和侵蚀阶段，这些阶段形成了许多人为地貌，目前可见和不可见，或消失了。他们之中，人为山丘 Monte della Giustizia 自公元 19 世纪末被抹去后就消失了，而在公元前 6 世纪挖掘并在公元前 4 世纪扩大的军事护城河，最终在公元 4 世纪回填，此后无形的。这些地貌变化最终输出了类似于先前火山高原的平坦平坦景观。结果表明，自然地貌与人工地貌之间也存在“地貌趋同”，即由不同地貌形成过程形成的自然地貌之间的相似性。此外，该研究证明了地貌与历史砖石建筑的损坏状况之间的关系，特别是与它们在岩土工程薄弱的人为沉积物厚层上的基础有关。