We describe the baseline coupled model configuration and simulation characteristics of GFDL's Earth System Model Version 4.1 (ESM4.1), which builds on component and coupled model developments at GFDL over 2013–2018 for coupled carbon‐chemistry‐climate simulation contributing to the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. In contrast with GFDL's CM4.0 development effort that focuses on ocean resolution for physical climate, ESM4.1 focuses on comprehensiveness of Earth system interactions. ESM4.1 features doubled horizontal resolution of both atmosphere (2° to 1°) and ocean (1° to 0.5°) relative to GFDL's previous‐generation coupled ESM2‐carbon and CM3‐chemistry models. ESM4.1 brings together key representational advances in CM4.0 dynamics and physics along with those in aerosols and their precursor emissions, land ecosystem vegetation and canopy competition, and multiday fire; ocean ecological and biogeochemical interactions, comprehensive land‐atmosphere‐ocean cycling of CO₂, dust and iron, and interactive ocean‐atmosphere nitrogen cycling are described in detail across this volume of JAMES and presented here in terms of the overall coupling and resulting fidelity. ESM4.1 provides much improved fidelity in CO₂ and chemistry over ESM2 and CM3, captures most of CM4.0's baseline simulations characteristics, and notably improves on CM4.0 in (1) Southern Ocean mode and intermediate water ventilation, (2) Southern Ocean aerosols, and (3) reduced spurious ocean heat uptake. ESM4.1 has reduced transient and equilibrium climate sensitivity compared to CM4.0. Fidelity concerns include (1) moderate degradation in sea surface temperature biases, (2) degradation in aerosols in some regions, and (3) strong centennial scale climate modulation by Southern Ocean convection.

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GFDL地球系统模型版本4.1（GFDL-ESM 4.1）：整体耦合模型描述和仿真特征

我们描述了GFDL地球系统模型版本4.1（ESM4.1）的基准耦合模型配置和模拟特征，该模型基于GFDL在2013-2018年间进行的组件和耦合模型开发，以为第六阶段做出贡献的碳-化学-气候耦合模拟耦合模型比较项目。与GFDL的CM4.0开发工作侧重于解决物理气候的海洋问题相比，ESM4.1着重于地球系统相互作用的全面性。与GFDL的上一代耦合ESM2碳和CM3化学模型相比，ESM4.1的特征是大气（2°至1°）和海洋（1°至0.5°）的水平分辨率增加了一倍。ESM4.1汇集了CM4.0动力学和物理方面的主要代表性进展以及气溶胶及其前体排放方面的进展，土地生态系统植被和冠层竞争以及多日大火；海洋生态和生物地球化学相互作用，CO的陆地-大气-海洋循环₂，灰尘和铁，和交互式海洋大气氮循环中有详细跨越这个体积JAMES的描述并在整体联接和所得保真度方面这里提出。与ESM2和CM3相比，ESM4.1在CO ₂和化学上的保真度大大提高，捕获了CM4.0的大多数基线模拟特征，并且在（1）南部海洋模式和中间水通风中显着改善了CM4.0，（2）南部海洋气溶胶，以及（3）减少了虚假的海洋热量吸收。与CM4.0相比，ESM4.1降低了对瞬态和平衡气候的敏感性。保真度的关注点包括：（1）海面温度偏差的适度退化；（2）一些地区的气溶胶退化；以及（3）南大洋对流对百年尺度气候的强烈调节。