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Whatsoever things are true: Hypothesis, artefact, and bias in chemical engineering research
The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering ( IF 2.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-14 , DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23863
Murray R Gray 1
Affiliation  

For experimental research to offer valuable insights and predictions, its results and interpretation need to be properly validated. When the experiments deal with complex systems, such as biological materials, multicomponent mixtures, or multiple phases, the use of the rigorous scientific method is essential. Setting and testing hypotheses and design of experimental programs to include formal positive and negative experiments helps to identify artefacts and to minimize the influence of the biases of the investigators that can invalidate the results of studies. The literature has many examples of well-executed studies, but there is much less discussion of the pitfalls and traps that can beset experimental research. This paper presents cases in the area of chemical reaction engineering and biochemical engineering. Experimental designs are presented that were successful in validating results by using positive and negative controls. Case studies of experimental artefacts that were published suggest that the biases of the investigators were important in failing to fully verify experimental observations. Both strong experimental designs to identify artefacts and publication of negative results are important in avoiding the persistence of what Stephen Poole calls “zombie ideas”. These zombie ideas may be benign, or they may lead to considerable wasted effort on studies with no chance of success. Graphical representations and schematics are extremely valuable in communicating results and making them memorable, but they can also be seductive in misleading researchers.

中文翻译:

凡是真实的:化学工程研究中的假设、假象和偏见

对于提供有价值的见解和预测的实验研究,其结果和解释需要得到适当的验证。当实验涉及复杂系统,例如生物材料、多组分混合物或多相时,使用严格的科学方法是必不可少的。设置和测试假设以及实验程序的设计以包括正式的正面和负面实验,有助于识别人为因素,并最大限度地减少可能使研究结果无效的研究人员偏见的影响。文献中有许多执行良好的研究的例子,但对可能困扰实验研究的陷阱和陷阱的讨论要少得多。本文介绍了化学反应工程和生物化学工程领域的案例。展示了通过使用阳性和阴性对照成功验证结果的实验​​设计。已发表的实验人工制品的案例研究表明,研究人员的偏见对于未能完全验证实验观察很重要。识别伪像的强大实验设计和负面结果的发布对于避免斯蒂芬·普尔所说的“僵尸想法”的持续存在很重要。这些僵尸想法可能是良性的,或者它们可能导致在没有成功机会的研究上浪费大量精力。图形表示和示意图在交流结果和使它们令人难忘方面非常有价值,但它们也可能会误导研究人员。已发表的实验人工制品的案例研究表明,研究人员的偏见对于未能完全验证实验观察很重要。识别伪像的强大实验设计和负面结果的发布对于避免斯蒂芬·普尔所说的“僵尸想法”的持续存在很重要。这些僵尸想法可能是良性的,或者它们可能导致在没有成功机会的研究上浪费大量精力。图形表示和示意图在交流结果和使它们令人难忘方面非常有价值,但它们也可能会误导研究人员。已发表的实验人工制品的案例研究表明,研究人员的偏见对于未能完全验证实验观察很重要。识别伪像的强大实验设计和负面结果的发布对于避免斯蒂芬·普尔所说的“僵尸想法”的持续存在很重要。这些僵尸想法可能是良性的,或者它们可能导致在没有成功机会的研究上浪费大量精力。图形表示和示意图在交流结果和使它们令人难忘方面非常有价值,但它们也可能会误导研究人员。识别伪像的强大实验设计和负面结果的发布对于避免斯蒂芬·普尔所说的“僵尸想法”的持续存在很重要。这些僵尸想法可能是良性的,或者它们可能导致在没有成功机会的研究上浪费大量精力。图形表示和示意图在交流结果和使它们令人难忘方面非常有价值,但它们也可能会误导研究人员。识别伪像的强大实验设计和负面结果的发布对于避免斯蒂芬·普尔所说的“僵尸想法”的持续存在很重要。这些僵尸想法可能是良性的,或者它们可能导致在没有成功机会的研究上浪费大量精力。图形表示和示意图在交流结果和使它们令人难忘方面非常有价值,但它们也可能会误导研究人员。
更新日期:2020-08-14
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