Globalization opens new market areas and affects food consumption habits, resulting in rapid and remarkable cultural change. Food habits such as consumption of raw fish meat have become popular, resulting in increased risk of emerging infectious diseases. Anisakis simplex sensu stricto (s.s) and A. pegreffii are the most common and important fish-borne zoonotic nematodes responsible for human anisakiasis, which occurs through the consumption of raw or undercooked fish as well as cooked fish due to their heat-stable allergens. Here, we investigated the prevalence, intensity, and abundance of Anisakis larvae in imported fish and ready-to-eat local fish products in Turkey. A total of 205 ready-to-eat fish products, 100 imported frozen Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fillets, and 100 imported frozen whole Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) were sampled from supermarkets, sushi restaurants, and fish markets. All samples were individually examined using a pepsin digestion technique. In total, 602 Anisakis type I larvae were recovered from 98/100 mackerel. No larvae were found in ready-to-eat products or frozen Atlantic salmon fillets. Overall, 8.8% of the larvae were found in the muscle tissue. The overall mean intensity and abundance of infection in mackerel were 6.14 and 6.02, respectively. The larvae were molecularly identified and their phylogenetic relationships with the relevant Anisakis sequences in GenBank were investigated. For this purpose, a subsample of randomly selected 100 Anisakis larvae were analyzed with PCR-RFLP of the ITS region. The larvae were identified as A. simplex (s.s.) (n = 87) and hybrids (n = 13). ITS and cox2 gene regions of all hybrids and randomly selected 50 A. simplex (s.s.) larvae were sequenced for species confirmation and phylogenetic analyses. No intraspecific nucleotide variation was found among the ITS sequences of either species. Seven and three haplotypes, respectively, were identified for A. simplex (s.s.) and hybrid species according to DNA polymorphism of the cox2 gene. Hybrids in our study clustered within the common A. simplex (s.s.) clade in the cox2 phylogenetic tree indicating the dominance of A. simplex (s.s) in the catching area of Atlantic mackerel. Consequently, our study indicates high occurrence of A. simplex (s.s.) larvae with an overall 98.0% prevalence in imported Atlantic mackerel, and highlights the importance of these fish as potential reservoirs for human allergic anisakiasis in Turkey and possibly in other countries.

全球化打开了新的市场领域，并影响了饮食消费习惯，导致了迅速而显着的文化变革。食用生鱼肉等饮食习惯已变得流行，导致出现新的传染病的风险增加。Anisakis simplex sensu stricto（ss）和A. pegreffii是最常见和最重要的鱼源性人畜共患线虫，其引起人的Anisakiasis，这是由于食用生的或未煮熟的鱼以及由于其热稳定的过敏原而烹煮的鱼而发生的。在这里，我们调查了土耳其进口鱼和即食本地鱼产品中凤梨幼虫的患病率，强度和数量。共有205种即食鱼产品，100种进口冷冻大西洋鲑鱼（从超级市场，寿司店和鱼市场中抽取了100条进口的冷冻全大西洋鲭鱼（Scomber scombrus）和Salmo salar）鱼片。使用胃蛋白酶消化技术分别检查所有样品。总共从98/100鲭鱼中回收了602种Anisakis I型幼虫。在即食产品或冷冻大西洋鲑鱼片中未发现幼虫。总体而言，在肌肉组织中发现了8.8％的幼虫。鲭鱼的总体平均感染强度和感染强度分别为6.14和6.02。对幼虫进行分子鉴定，并研究它们与GenBank中相关Anisakis序列的系统发生关系。为此，随机抽取100个子样本用ITS区的PCR-RFLP分析了凤梨的幼虫。幼虫被鉴定为单纯曲霉（ss）（n = 87）和杂种（n = 13）。对所有杂种的ITS和cox2基因区域以及随机选择的50个单侧A（ss）幼虫进行测序，以进行物种确认和系统发育分析。在两种物种的ITS序列之间均未发现种内核苷酸变异。七和三个单倍型，分别确定了A.单纯根据的DNA多态性（SS）和杂交种COX2基因。我们研究中的杂种聚集在cox2的普通A.单纯形（ss）进化枝中系统发育树，表明在大西洋鲭鱼捕捞区中A. simplex（ss）的优势。因此，我们的研究表明的发生率较高A.单工（SS）幼虫进口鲭鱼整体98.0％的患病率，并强调这些鱼类作为在土耳其人体过敏异尖线虫病，并有可能在其他国家的潜在水库的重要性。