Abstract Injection cooling has been used to store liquefied cryopropellants by reducing or eliminating the liquid boil-off due to ambient heat inleak. It involves subcooling of liquid by bubbling a gas through it. Previous studies on injection cooling attributed the cooling effect on liquid evaporation into the injected bubbles. However, a closer look into the process indicates that much higher gas flow rates than those used in the experiments are necessary to cause the observed liquid cooling. Hence, it is envisaged that the liquid evaporation into the ullage also dictates the liquid cooling. A novel theoretical approach has been presented to analyze the injection cooling system by developing a lumped parameter model that considers the liquid evaporation into both the bubbles and the ullage. Satisfactory validation of the proposed model, and a comparison between the surface evaporation and the bubble evaporation corroborate the significance of surface evaporation. Thus the present approach provides a better understanding of this process. To the authors’ best knowledge, the effect of the liquid evaporation into the ullage is being considered for the first time in analyzing this system. This finding is of critical importance in the design and development of injection cooling systems for liquid storage.

中文翻译：

---

液体储存喷射冷却系统性能分析和设计的新视角

摘要 注射冷却已被用于通过减少或消除由于环境热泄漏引起的液体蒸发来储存液化低温推进剂。它涉及通过使气体鼓泡通过液体来使液体过冷。先前对注射冷却的研究将冷却效果归因于液体蒸发到注射气泡中。然而，仔细研究该过程表明需要比实验中使用的气体流速高得多的气体流速才能导致观察到的液体冷却。因此，可以设想液体蒸发到空量中也决定了液体冷却。提出了一种新的理论方法，通过开发一个集总参数模型来分析喷射冷却系统，该模型考虑了液体蒸发到气泡和缺量中。对所提出的模型进行了令人满意的验证，表面蒸发和气泡蒸发之间的比较证实了表面蒸发的重要性。因此，本方法提供了对该过程的更好理解。据作者所知，在分析该系统时，首次考虑了液体蒸发到空量中的影响。这一发现对于液体储存的注射冷却系统的设计和开发至关重要。