BACKGROUND The development of adaptive implicit and explicit emotion regulation skills is crucial for mental health. Adolescence and emerging adulthood are periods of heightened risk for psychopathology associated with emotion dysregulation, and neurodevelopmental mechanisms have been proposed to account for this increased risk. However, progress in understanding these mechanisms has been hampered by an incomplete knowledge of the neural underpinnings of emotion regulation during development. METHODS Using activation likelihood estimation, we conducted a quantitative analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in healthy developmental samples (i.e., adolescence [10-18 years of age] and emerging adulthood [19-30 years of age]) investigating emotion reactivity (N studies = 48), and implicit (N studies = 41) and explicit (N studies = 19) emotion regulation processes. RESULTS Explicit emotion regulation was associated with activation in frontal, temporal, and parietal regions, whereas both implicit regulation and emotion reactivity were associated with activation in the amygdala and posterior temporal regions. During implicit regulation, adolescents exhibited more consistent activation of the amygdala, fusiform gyrus, and thalamus than emerging adults, who showed more consistent activation in the posterior superior temporal sulcus. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that emotion reactivity and regulation in developmental samples engage a robust group of regions that are implicated in bottom-up and top-down emotional responding. Adolescents are also more likely to recruit regions involved in early stages of emotion processing during implicit regulation, while emerging adults recruit higher-order regions involved in the extraction of semantic meaning. Findings have implications for future research aiming to better understand the neurodevelopmental mechanisms underlying risk for psychopathology.

中文翻译：

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青少年和新兴成人情绪调节的神经相关性：元分析研究

背景适应性内隐和外显情绪调节技能的发展对心理健康至关重要。青春期和成年期是与情绪失调相关的精神病理学风险增加的时期，并且已经提出神经发育机制来解释这种增加的风险。然而，由于对发育过程中情绪调节的神经基础的不完全了解，阻碍了对这些机制的理解。方法使用激活似然估计，我们对健康发育样本（即青春期 [10-18 岁] 和新兴成年期 [19-30 岁]）的功能磁共振成像研究进行了定量分析，调查情绪反应性 (N研究 = 48), 和内隐（N 个研究 = 41）和外显（N 个研究 = 19）情绪调节过程。结果 外显情绪调节与额叶、颞叶和顶叶区域的激活相关，而内隐调节和情绪反应与杏仁核和后颞叶区域的激活相关。在隐性调节过程中，青少年的杏仁核、梭状回和丘脑的激活比新兴成人更一致，后者在颞上沟后部显示出更一致的激活。结论我们的结果表明，发育样本中的情绪反应和调节涉及一组强大的区域，这些区域涉及自下而上和自上而下的情绪反应。青少年也更有可能在内隐调节期间招募参与情绪处理早期阶段的区域，而新兴成年人则招募参与语义提取的高阶区域。研究结果对未来的研究具有影响，旨在更好地了解潜在的精神病理学风险的神经发育机制。