Respiratory cilia are the driving force of the mucociliary escalator, working in conjunction with secreted airway mucus to clear inhaled debris and pathogens from the conducting airways. Respiratory cilia are also one of the first contact points between host and inhaled pathogens. Impaired ciliary function is a common pathological feature in patients with chronic airway diseases, increasing susceptibility to respiratory infections. Common respiratory pathogens including viruses, bacteria and fungi have been shown to target cilia and/or ciliated airway epithelial cells, resulting in a disruption of mucociliary clearance that may facilitate host infection. Despite being an integral component of airway innate immunity, the role of respiratory cilia and their clinical significance during airway infections is still poorly understood. This review examines the expression, structure, and function of respiratory cilia during pathogenic infection of the airways. This review also discusses specific known points of interaction of bacteria, fungi, and viruses with respiratory cilia function. The emerging biological functions of motile cilia relating to intracellular signaling and their potential immuno-regulatory roles during infection will also be discussed.

中文翻译：

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第一次接触：呼吸道纤毛在呼吸道宿主与病原体相互作用中的作用。

呼吸纤毛是粘液纤毛自动扶梯的驱动力，与分泌的气道粘液一起清除传导气道中吸入的碎片和病原体。呼吸道纤毛也是宿主和吸入病原体之间的第一个接触点之一。纤毛功能受损是慢性气道疾病患者的常见病理特征，增加了呼吸道感染的易感性。包括病毒、细菌和真菌在内的常见呼吸道病原体已被证明以纤毛和/或纤毛气道上皮细胞为目标，导致粘液纤毛清除功能受到破坏，从而可能促进宿主感染。尽管呼吸道纤毛是气道先天免疫的一个组成部分，但人们对呼吸道纤毛的作用及其在气道感染期间的临床意义仍知之甚少。本综述探讨了气道病原体感染期间呼吸道纤毛的表达、结构和功能。这篇综述还讨论了细菌、真菌和病毒与呼吸道纤毛功能相互作用的具体已知点。还将讨论与细胞内信号传导相关的运动纤毛的新兴生物学功能及其在感染过程中潜在的免疫调节作用。