We present a computational simulation of evolving entities that includes symbiosis with shifting levels of selection. Evolution by natural selection shifts from the level of the original entities to the level of the new symbiotic entity. In the simulation, the fitness of an entity is measured by a series of one-on-one competitions in the Immigration Game, a two-player variation of Conway's Game of Life. Mutation, reproduction, and symbiosis are implemented as operations that are external to the Immigration Game. Because these operations are external to the game, we can freely manipulate the operations and observe the effects of the manipulations. The simulation is composed of four layers, each layer building on the previous layer. The first layer implements a simple form of asexual reproduction, the second layer introduces a more sophisticated form of asexual reproduction, the third layer adds sexual reproduction, and the fourth layer adds symbiosis. The experiments show that a small amount of symbiosis, added to the other layers, significantly increases the fitness of the population. We suggest that the model may provide new insights into symbiosis in biological and cultural evolution.

中文翻译：

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共生促进生活游戏中的健身改善

我们提出了进化实体的计算模拟，其中包括与选择水平不断变化的共生。自然选择的进化从原始实体的水平转移到新的共生实体的水平。在模拟中，实体的适应度是通过移民游戏中的一系列一对一比赛来衡量的，移民游戏是康威生命游戏的两人变体。突变、繁殖和共生是作为移民游戏之外的操作来实现的。因为这些操作是游戏外部的，我们可以自由的操作操作，观察操作的效果。模拟由四层组成，每一层都建立在前一层之上。第一层实现了一种简单的无性繁殖形式，第二层引入了更复杂的无性繁殖形式，第三层增加了有性繁殖，第四层增加了共生。实验表明，添加到其他层的少量共生显着增加了种群的适应度。我们认为该模型可以为生物和文化进化中的共生提供新的见解。