Orthographic systems vary dramatically in the extent to which they encode a language's phonological and lexico-semantic structure. Studies of the effects of orthographic transparency suggest that such variation is likely to have major implications for how the reading system operates. However, such studies have been unable to examine in isolation the contributory effect of transparency on reading because of covarying linguistic or sociocultural factors. We first investigated the phonological properties of languages using the range of the world's orthographic systems (alphabetic, alphasyllabic, consonantal, syllabic, and logographic), and found that, once geographical proximity is taken into account, phonological properties do not relate to orthographic system. We then explored the processing implications of orthographic variation by training a connectionist implementation of the triangle model of reading on the range of orthographic systems while controlling for phonological and semantic structure. We show that the triangle model is effective as a universal model of reading, able to replicate key behavioral and neuroscientific results. The model also generates new predictions deriving from an explicit description of the effects of orthographic transparency on how reading is realized and defines the consequences of orthographic systems on reading processes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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正字法系统对发展中的阅读系统的影响：类型学和计算分析。

正字法系统在对语言的语音和词汇语义结构进行编码的程度上有很大差异。对正字法透明度影响的研究表明，这种变化可能对阅读系统的运作方式产生重大影响。然而，由于语言或社会文化因素的共同变化，此类研究无法孤立地检查透明度对阅读的影响。我们首先使用世界范围内的正字法系统（字母、字母音节、辅音、音节和语标）研究了语言的语音特性，发现一旦考虑到地理邻近性，语音特性就与正字法系统无关。然后，我们通过在控制语音和语义结构的同时，在正字法系统范围内训练阅读三角形模型的连接主义实现，探索了正字法变化的处理含义。我们表明三角形模型作为一种通用的阅读模型是有效的，能够复制关键的行为和神经科学结果。该模型还生成了新的预测，这些预测源自对正字法透明度对阅读实现方式的影响的明确描述，并定义了正字法系统对阅读过程的影响。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。我们表明三角形模型作为一种通用的阅读模型是有效的，能够复制关键的行为和神经科学结果。该模型还生成了新的预测，这些预测源自对正字法透明度对阅读实现方式的影响的明确描述，并定义了正字法系统对阅读过程的影响。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。我们表明三角形模型作为一种通用的阅读模型是有效的，能够复制关键的行为和神经科学结果。该模型还生成了新的预测，这些预测源自对正字法透明度对阅读实现方式的影响的明确描述，并定义了正字法系统对阅读过程的影响。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。