Purpose Gradual and sudden perturbations of vocal fundamental frequency ( f o ), also known as adaptive and reflexive f o perturbations, are techniques to study the influence of auditory feedback on voice f o control mechanisms. Previous vocal f o perturbations have incorporated varied setup-specific feedback delays and amplifications. Here, we investigated the effects of feedback delays (10–100 ms) and amplifications on both adaptive and reflexive f o perturbation paradigms, encapsulating the variability in equipment-specific delays (3–45 ms) and amplifications utilized in previous experiments. Method Responses to adaptive and reflexive f o perturbations were recorded in 24 typical speakers for four delay conditions (10, 40, 70, and 100 ms) or three amplification conditions (−10, +5, and +10 dB relative to microphone) in a counterbalanced order. Repeated-measures analyses of variance were carried out on the magnitude of f o responses to determine the effect of feedback condition. Results There was a statistically significant effect of the level of auditory feedback amplification on the response magnitude during adaptive f o perturbations, driven by the difference between +10- and −10-dB amplification conditions (hold phase difference: M = 38.3 cents, SD = 51.2 cents; after-effect phase: M = 66.1 cents, SD = 84.6 cents). No other statistically significant effects of condition were found for either paradigm. Conclusions Experimental equipment delays below 100 ms in behavioral paradigms do not affect the results of f o perturbation paradigms. As there is no statistically significant difference between the response magnitudes elicited by +5- and +10-dB auditory amplification conditions, this study is a confirmation that an auditory feedback amplification of +5 dB relative to microphone is sufficient to elicit robust compensatory responses for f o perturbation paradigms.

中文翻译：

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语音基频的听觉运动扰动：反馈延迟和放大

目的声音基频的逐渐和突然扰动（F 哦），也称为适应性和自反性F 哦扰动是研究听觉反馈对语音影响的技术F 哦控制机制。以前的声音F 哦扰动包含了各种特定于设置的反馈延迟和放大。在这里，我们研究了反馈延迟（10-100 ms）和放大对自适应和反射的影响F 哦扰动范例，封装了设备特定延迟（3-45 ms）和先前实验中使用的放大的可变性。 方法对适应性和反射性的反应F 哦以平衡顺序记录了 24 个典型扬声器在四种延迟条件（10、40、70 和 100 毫秒）或三种放大条件（相对于麦克风−10、+5 和 +10 dB）下的扰动。对方差的大小进行了重复测量分析F 哦响应以确定反馈条件的影响。 结果在自适应过程中，听觉反馈放大水平对响应幅度具有统计上显着的影响。F 哦扰动，由 +10dB 和 −10dB 放大条件之间的差异驱动（保持相位差：中号= 38.3 美分，标清= 51.2 美分；后效阶段：中号= 66.1 美分，标清= 84.6 美分）。对于这两种范式都没有发现其他具有统计意义的条件影响。 结论行为范式中实验设备延迟低于 100 ms 不会影响结果F 哦扰动范式。由于 +5 dB 和 +10 dB 听觉放大条件引起的响应幅度之间没有统计上的显着差异，因此本研究证实相对于麦克风 +5 dB 的听觉反馈放大足以引发稳健的补偿响应F 哦扰动范式。