Background: Helicobacter pylori causes dangerous and deadly diseases such as gastric cancer and duodenal ulcers. Eradication and treatment of this bacterium are very important due to the deadly diseases caused by H. pylori and the high cost of treatment for countries.

Methods: Thus, we present a complete list of the most important causes of failure in the treatment and eradication of H. pylori, and address new therapeutic methods that may be effective in controlling this bacterium in the future.

Results: Many efforts have been made to control and eradicate this bacterium over the years, but no success has been achieved since its eradication is a complex process affected by the bacterial properties and host factors. Previous studies have shown that various factors are involved in the failure to eradicate H. pylori, such as new genotypes of the bacterium with higher pathogenicity, inappropriate patient cooperation, mutations, biofilm formation and dormant forms that cause antibiotic resistance, acidic stomach pH, high bacterial load, smoking, immunosuppressive features and intracellular occurrence of H. pylori. On the other hand, recent studies reported that the use of probiotics, nanoparticles, antimicrobial peptides, natural product and vaccines can be helpful in the treatment and eradication of H. pylori infections.

Conclusion: Eradication of H. pylori is crucial for the treatment of important diseases such as gastric cancer. Therefore, it seems that identifying the failure causes of treating this bacterium can be helpful in controlling the infections. Besides, further studies on new therapeutic strategies may help eradicate H. pylori in the future.

背景：幽门螺杆菌会导致危险和致命的疾病，如胃癌和十二指肠溃疡。由于幽门螺杆菌引起的致命疾病和各国治疗费用高昂，根除和治疗这种细菌非常重要。

方法：因此，我们列出了治疗和根除幽门螺杆菌失败的最重要原因的完整列表，并提出了可能在未来有效控制这种细菌的新治疗方法。

结果：多年来，人们为控制和根除这种细菌做出了许多努力，但由于根除是一个受细菌特性和宿主因素影响的复杂过程，因此一直没有取得成功。以往的研究表明，幽门螺杆菌未能根除与多种因素有关，例如致病性更高的细菌新基因型、不适当的患者合作、突变、生物膜形成和休眠形式导致抗生素耐药性、胃酸pH值过高、细菌负荷、吸烟、免疫抑制特征和幽门螺杆菌的细胞内发生。另一方面，最近的研究报告称，益生菌、纳米颗粒、抗菌肽、天然产物和疫苗的使用有助于治疗和根除幽门螺杆菌感染。

结论：根除幽门螺杆菌是治疗胃癌等重要疾病的关键。因此，确定治疗这种细菌的失败原因似乎有助于控制感染。此外，进一步研究新的治疗策略可能有助于在未来根除幽门螺杆菌。