The gut microbiota consists of a dynamic multispecies community of bacteria, fungi, archaea, and protozoans, playing a fundamental role in the induction, training, and function of the host immune system. The liver is anatomically and physiologically linked to the gut microbiota via enterohepatic circulation, specifically receiving intestine-derived blood through the portal vein. The gut microbiota is crucial for maintaining immune homeostasis of the gut-liver axis. A shift in gut microbiota composition can result in activation of the mucosal immune response causing homeostasis imbalance. This imbalance results in translocation of bacteria and migration of immune cells to the liver, which is related to inflammation-mediated liver injury and tumor progression. In this review, we outline the role of the gut microbiota in modulating host immunity and summarize novel findings and recent advances in immune-based therapeutics associated with the gut-liver axis. Moving forward, a deep understanding of the microbiome-immune-liver axis will provide insight into the basic mechanisms of gut microbiota dysbiosis affecting liver diseases.

中文翻译：

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免疫重塑中的肠肝轴：对肝病的新见解。

肠道微生物群由细菌、真菌、古细菌和原生动物组成的动态多物种群落组成，在宿主免疫系统的诱导、训练和功能中发挥着重要作用。肝脏在解剖学和生理学上通过肠肝循环与肠道微生物群相连，特别是通过门静脉接收肠道来源的血液。肠道微生物群对于维持肠-肝轴的免疫稳态至关重要。肠道微生物群组成的变化可导致粘膜免疫反应的激活，从而导致体内平衡失衡。这种不平衡导致细菌易位和免疫细胞迁移到肝脏，这与炎症介导的肝损伤和肿瘤进展有关。在这次审查中，我们概述了肠道微生物群在调节宿主免疫中的作用，并总结了与肠肝轴相关的基于免疫疗法的新发现和最新进展。展望未来，对微生物组-免疫-肝轴的深入了解将有助于深入了解影响肝脏疾病的肠道微生物群失调的基本机制。