Significance: The hallmarks of digital holographic microscopy (DHM) compared with other quantitative phase imaging (QPI) methods are high speed, accuracy, spatial resolution, temporal stability, and polarization-sensitivity (PS) capability. The above features make DHM suitable for real-time quantitative PS phase imaging in a broad number of biological applications aimed at understanding cell growth and dynamic changes occurring during physiological processes and/or in response to pharmaceutical agents. Aim: The insertion of a Fresnel biprism (FB) in the image space of a light microscope potentially turns any commercial system into a DHM system enabling QPI with the five desired features in QPI simultaneously: high temporal sensitivity, high speed, high accuracy, high spatial resolution, and PS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first FB-based DHM system providing these five features all together. Approach: The performance of the proposed system was calibrated with a benchmark phase object. The PS capability has been verified by imaging human U87 glioblastoma cells. Results: The proposed FB-based DHM system provides accurate phase images with high spatial resolution. The temporal stability of our system is in the order of a few nanometers, enabling live-cell studies. Finally, the distinctive behavior of the cells at different polarization angles (e.g., PS capability) can be observed with our system. Conclusions: We have presented a method to turn any commercial light microscope with monochromatic illumination into a PS QPI system. The proposed system provides accurate quantitative PS phase images in a new, simple, compact, and cost-effective format, thanks to the low cost (a few hundred dollars) involved in implementing this simple architecture, enabling the use of this QPI technique accessible to most laboratories with standard light microscopes.

中文翻译：

---

基于菲涅尔双棱镜的数字全息显微镜在定量相位成像中的优势。

意义：与其他定量相位成像 (QPI) 方法相比，数字全息显微镜 (DHM) 的标志是高速、准确、空间分辨率、时间稳定性和偏振灵敏度 (PS) 能力。上述特点使 DHM 适用于大量生物应用中的实时定量 PS 相位成像，旨在了解细胞生长和在生理过程中和/或响应药剂时发生的动态变化。目标：在光学显微镜的图像空间中插入菲涅耳双棱镜 (FB) 有可能将任何商业系统变成 DHM 系统，使 QPI 同时具有 QPI 中的五个所需特征：高时间灵敏度、高速、高精度、高空间分辨率和 PS。据我们所知，这是第一个同时提供这五个功能的基于 FB 的 DHM 系统。方法：所提出系统的性能使用基准相位对象进行校准。PS 能力已通过成像人类 U87 胶质母细胞瘤细胞得到验证。结果：所提出的基于 FB 的 DHM 系统提供了具有高空间分辨率的准确相位图像。我们系统的时间稳定性在几个纳米的数量级，从而能够进行活细胞研究。最后，可以使用我们的系统观察不同极化角度下细胞的独特行为（例如，PS 能力）。结论：我们提出了一种将任何具有单色照明的商用光学显微镜转变为 PS QPI 系统的方法。所提出的系统以一种新的、简单的、紧凑的和具有成本效益的格式提供准确的定量 PS 相位图像，