Three masked priming paradigms, the conventional masked priming lexical-decision task (Forster & Davis, 1984), the sandwich priming task (Lupker & Davis, 2009), and the masked priming same-different task (Norris & Kinoshita, 2008), were used to investigate priming for a given target (e.g., JUDGE) from primes created by either adding a letter to the beginning of the target (e.g., zjudge) or replacing the target's initial letter (e.g., zudge). Virtually all models of orthographic coding that allow calculation of orthographic similarity measures predict that zjudge should be the better prime because zjudge contains all the letters in JUDGE in their correct order whereas zudge does not. Nonetheless, Adelman et al.'s (2014) megastudy data indicated no difference in the effectiveness of these two prime types. The present experiments provide additional support for the conclusion of no difference between these two prime types with the only observed difference being a small zudge prime advantage in Experiment 1b (sandwich priming). These results suggest that models of orthographic coding/word recognition may be well served by allowing inconsistent information (e.g., the "z" in both zjudge and zudge indicates that the presented prime is not JUDGE) to be given considerable weight during the orthographic coding/word recognition process. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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zjudge 比 zudge 更适合 JUDGE 吗？：对当前正字法编码模型的新评估。

三个掩蔽启动范式，传统的掩蔽启动词汇决策任务（Forster & Davis，1984）、三明治启动任务（Lupker & Davis，2009）和掩蔽启动相同不同的任务（Norris & Kinoshita，2008），分别是用于从通过在目标的开头添加一个字母（例如 zjudge）或替换目标的首字母（例如 zudge）创建的素数来研究给定目标（例如 JUDGE）的启动。实际上，所有允许计算正字法相似性度量的正字法编码模型都预测 zjudge 应该是更好的素数，因为 zjudge 包含 JUDGE 中所有字母的正确顺序，而 zudge 没有。尽管如此，Adelman 等人 (2014) 的大型研究数据表明这两种主要类型的有效性没有差异。本实验为这两种素数类型之间没有差异的结论提供了额外的支持，唯一观察到的差异是实验 1b（夹心启动）中的一个小的 zudge 素数优势。这些结果表明，通过允许不一致的信息（例如，zjudge 和 zudge 中的“z”表示所呈现的素数不是 JUDGE）在正字法编码期间给予相当大的权重，可以很好地服务于正字法编码/单词识别模型/单词识别过程。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。这些结果表明，通过允许不一致的信息（例如，zjudge 和 zudge 中的“z”表示呈现的素数不是 JUDGE）在正字法编码期间给予相当大的权重，可以很好地服务于正字法编码/单词识别模型/单词识别过程。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。这些结果表明，通过允许不一致的信息（例如，zjudge 和 zudge 中的“z”表示呈现的素数不是 JUDGE）在正字法编码期间给予相当大的权重，可以很好地服务于正字法编码/单词识别模型/单词识别过程。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。