In the Amazon basin and other tropical forest regions, many forested landscapes are inhabited by indigenous peoples who are increasingly exposed to infrastructure expansion, large-scale natural resource extraction, and development programs. How indigenous land use evolves in this context will be a critical determinant of the future of these forests. To date, few studies have had access to longitudinal, large-sample and field-based data that enables the measurement of indigenous land use change and its correlates in these contexts. To address this lacuna, we make use of a unique multi-ethnic household survey conducted in 32 indigenous communities of the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon in 2001 and again with the same households in 2012. We analyze these data to measure land use and land use change as well as their determinants. This reveals that the overall household agropastoral footprint has remained close to constant over time, but with important changes within particular land uses and ethnicities. Notably, cacao has largely replaced coffee (tracking commodity price changes), and Kichwa and Shuar households have intensified production on increasingly subdivided plots, with the Shuar specializing in cattle. In contrast, Waorani and Cofán households have maintained small footprints, while Secoya households largely abandoned cattle ranching. Taken together, the results emphasize ethnic heterogeneity in indigenous land use change, a pattern which is only visible through the use of a longitudinal, large-sample, field-based design.

中文翻译：

---

厄瓜多尔亚马逊地区土著土地利用的稳定性和变化。


在亚马逊河流域和其他热带森林地区，许多森林景观都居住着土著人民，他们越来越多地受到基础设施扩建、大规模自然资源开采和开发计划的影响。在这种背景下，土著土地利用如何演变将是这些森林未来的关键决定因素。迄今为止，很少有研究能够获得纵向、大样本和实地数据，从而能够衡量土著土地利用变化及其在这些背景下的相关性。为了解决这一缺陷，我们利用了 2001 年在厄瓜多尔亚马逊北部 32 个土著社区进行的独特多民族家庭调查，并于 2012 年对相同家庭再次进行了调查。我们分析这些数据以衡量土地利用和土地利用变化：以及它们的决定因素。这表明，随着时间的推移，家庭农牧业足迹总体保持接近恒定，但特定土地用途和种族发生了重大变化。值得注意的是，可可已在很大程度上取代了咖啡（追踪商品价格变化），Kichwa 和 Shuar 家庭在日益细分的土地上加强了生产，其中 Shuar 专门饲养牛。相比之下，Waorani 和 Cofán 家庭的足迹一直很小，而 Secoya 家庭则基本上放弃了养牛业。总而言之，结果强调了土著土地利用变化中的种族异质性，这种模式只有通过使用纵向、大样本、基于实地的设计才能显现出来。