The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is associated with several physiological processes including reproduction. This system consists of the cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoid ligands and enzymes which metabolize and degrade these fatty acids. Recent evidence shows that cannabinoid receptors are expressed in cells of the reproductive system including endometrial stromal cells, ovaries, and sperm cells. Emerging and recent research suggests that the ECS may play a significant role in reproduction. The endocannabinoid ligands anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol are crucial for successful endometrium decidualization, placental development and embryo implantation. Alteration in cannabinoid receptors expression or in endocannabinoid homeostasis by excessive intake of cannabis during pregnancy is associated with negative pregnancy outcomes including preterm birth. The use of medicinal cannabis is becoming more widespread in Western countries, especially in people of reproductive age. Cannabis contains phytocannabinoids which modulate the ECS, and emerging evidence suggests that phytocannabinoids, through their action on cannabinoid receptors, may have a negative impact on fertility, pregnancy outcome and fetal health. In this mini-review, we highlight the recent advances in the field, which explore the role of endocannabinoids in early pregnancy and the effects of excessive intake of phytocannabinoids in pregnancy outcomes.

中文翻译：

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内源性大麻素在早期妊娠中的作用：最新进展和使用大麻的影响。

内源性大麻素系统（ECS）与包括生殖在内的几种生理过程有关。该系统由大麻素受体，内源性大麻素配体和代谢和降解这些脂肪酸的酶组成。最近的证据表明，大麻素受体在生殖系统的细胞中表达，包括子宫内膜基质细胞，卵巢和精子细胞。新兴和最近的研究表明，ECS可能在繁殖中起重要作用。内源性大麻素配体anandamide和2-arachidonoyl-glycerol对于成功的子宫内膜蜕膜，胎盘发育和胚胎植入至关重要。在怀孕期间因过量摄入大麻而导致的大麻素受体表达或内源性大麻稳态变化发生改变，这与包括早产在内的不良妊娠结局有关。药用大麻的使用在西方国家变得越来越普遍，尤其是在育龄人群中。大麻含有可调节ECS的植物大麻素，新兴证据表明，植物大麻素通过其对大麻素受体的作用，可能对生育能力，妊娠结局和胎儿健康产生负面影响。在这份小型回顾中，我们重点介绍了该领域的最新进展，这些研究探讨了内源性大麻素在妊娠早期中的作用以及过量摄入植物性大麻素对妊娠结局的影响。药用大麻的使用在西方国家变得越来越普遍，尤其是在育龄人群中。大麻含有可调节ECS的植物大麻素，新兴证据表明，植物大麻素通过其对大麻素受体的作用，可能对生育能力，妊娠结局和胎儿健康产生负面影响。在这份小型回顾中，我们重点介绍了该领域的最新进展，这些研究探讨了内源性大麻素在妊娠早期中的作用以及过量摄入植物性大麻素对妊娠结局的影响。药用大麻的使用在西方国家变得越来越普遍，尤其是在育龄人群中。大麻含有可调节ECS的植物大麻素，新兴证据表明，植物大麻素通过其对大麻素受体的作用，可能对生育能力，妊娠结局和胎儿健康产生负面影响。在这份小型回顾中，我们重点介绍了该领域的最新进展，这些研究探讨了内源性大麻素在妊娠早期中的作用以及过量摄入植物性大麻素对妊娠结局的影响。