Survival of life in extreme environments has always caught the attention of scientists and researchers as it can lead to understand several mechanisms leading to humanity. A few groups of organisms, including animals, plants and microorganisms can survive against harsh environmental conditions such as extreme temperature (cold and hot), salt, pressure, pH (acidic and alkaline) and drought. The organisms surviving on these niches are individually called thermophiles, psychrophiles, halophiles, piezophiles, acidophiles, alkaliphiles and xerophiles. The collective term for all these organisms is extremophiles. The study of extremophiles has received significant interest in both environmental and industrial perspectives. It has already been reported that microorganisms are present in a huge diversity in extreme niches. A great interest in the exploration of extreme habitats with a diversity of extremophilic microbes and their survival mechanisms has been shown in recent years. Some microbes represented the very ancient life forms when the environmental conditions were totally different than today, hence studying about these microbial physiology helps to answer the evolution of life. In addition, extremophiles had also shown their role in astrobiology [1].

中文翻译：

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用于可持续农业和生物技术应用的极端微生物基因组学（第一部分）


生命在极端环境中的生存一直引起科学家和研究人员的关注，因为它可以帮助我们了解导致人类发展的多种机制。一些生物体，包括动物、植物和微生物，可以在恶劣的环境条件下生存，例如极端温度（冷和热）、盐、压力、pH（酸性和碱性）和干旱。在这些生态位上生存的生物体分别称为嗜热菌、嗜冷菌、嗜盐菌、嗜压菌、嗜酸菌、嗜碱菌和嗜旱菌。所有这些生物的统称是极端微生物。极端微生物的研究在环境和工业方面都引起了极大的兴趣。据报道，微生物在极端生态位中存在着巨大的多样性。近年来，人们对探索具有多样性的极端微生物及其生存机制的极端栖息地表现出极大的兴趣。有些微生物代表了非常古老的生命形式，当时的环境条件与今天完全不同，因此研究这些微生物的生理学有助于回答生命的进化。此外，极端微生物也在天体生物学中发挥了作用[1]。