MicroRNAs (miRs) are non–protein‐coding small RNAs that control the gene expression posttranscriptionally. miRs can regulate different cellular functions as well as many pathological conditions. Dysregulated miR expression profiles have been identified in different cancer types including lung cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. The expression of miRs varies according to their roles in each specific cancer type. Although many miRs and their target genes have been identified in different cancers, data are still scant to validate those target genes and the mechanistic role of these miRs. The possibility of targeting cancer‐associated miRs is suggested to open a new field for cancer therapy. Therapeutic strategies targeting miRs involve neutralization of the oncogenic miRs by antagomirs using locked nucleic acid oligonucleotides, miR sponges, or the restoration/overexpression of tumor‐suppressing miRs that are downregulated or depleted in cancers. Although it is suggested that therapeutic applications of miRs in different pathological conditions will make a huge revolution in gene therapy, there is still an enormous challenge in employing these strategies efficiently in cancer inhibition, seemingly, due to the complexity of cancer and the current inefficient development of delivery systems for the therapeutic miRs.

中文翻译：

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乳腺癌中的MicroRNA和基因调控。

MicroRNA（miRs）是非蛋白质的小RNA，可转录后控制基因的表达。miRs可以调节不同的细胞功能以及许多病理状况。已经在包括肺癌，乳腺癌和前列腺癌在内的不同癌症类型中鉴定出miR表达失调。miR的表达根据其在每种特定癌症类型中的作用而变化。尽管已经在不同的癌症中鉴定出许多miR及其靶基因，但仍缺乏数据来验证那些靶基因和这些miR的机理作用。建议靶向于癌症相关miRs的可能性为癌症治疗开辟了一个新领域。靶向miR的治疗策略涉及使用锁定的核酸寡核苷酸，miR海绵，拟南芥中和致癌miR。或在癌症中被下调或耗尽的抑制肿瘤的miR的恢复/过度表达。尽管有人提出miRs在不同病理条件下的治疗应用将在基因治疗方面带来巨大的革命，但似乎由于癌症的复杂性和当前的低效开发，有效地将这些策略有效地用于癌症抑制仍存在巨大挑战。用于治疗性miR的递送系统。