Colorectal cancer is one of the most leading death‐causing cancers in the world. Vernodalin, a cytotoxic sesquiterpene, has been reported to possess anticancer properties against human breast cancer cells. We aimed to examine the anticancer mechanism of vernodalin on human colon cancer cells. Vernodalin was used on human colon cancer cells, HT‐29 and HCT116. The cytotoxicity of vernodalin on human colon cancer cells was determined through in vitro 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide assay. Small interfering RNA was used to analyze the cascade activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) in HT‐29, and HCT116 cells against vernodalin treatment. The protein expressions of caspase 3, Bcl‐2, and Bax were examined through Western blot analysis. Immunoblot analysis on the JNK, ERK, and p38 MAPK pathways showed increased activation due to vernodalin treatment. It was proven from the JNK and p38 inhibition test that both pathways are significantly activated by vernodalin to induce apoptosis. Our results, collectively, showed the apoptosis‐induced anticancer mechanism of vernodalin on human colon cancer cells that was mediated through the activation of JNK pathway and apoptotic regulator proteins. These results suggest that vernodalin could be developed as a potent chemotherapeutic agent for human colorectal cancer treatment.

中文翻译：

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Vernodalin通过激活人结肠癌细胞中的ROS / JNK途径诱导凋亡。

大肠癌是世界上最主要的导致死亡的癌症之一。Vernodalin是一种具有细胞毒性的倍半萜烯，据报道对人乳腺癌细胞具有抗癌特性。我们旨在研究藜芦精对人结肠癌细胞的抗癌机制。Vernodalin可用于人类结肠癌细胞HT-29和HCT116。通过体外3-（4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基）-2-5-二苯基溴化四氮唑测定法测定了藜芦精对人结肠癌细胞的细胞毒性。使用小的干扰RNA分析了HT-29中线粒体激活的蛋白激酶（MAPK）通路，c-Jun N端激酶（JNK）和HCT116细胞针对vernodalin的级联激活。通过蛋白质印迹分析检查了caspase 3，Bcl-2和Bax的蛋白表达。JNK，ERK，p38 MAPK途径和p38 MAPK途径由于vernodalin处理而显示出增强的激活作用。通过JNK和p38抑制测试证明，这两个途径均被vernodalin显着激活以诱导凋亡。我们的研究结果共同表明，凡诺达林对人结肠癌细胞具有凋亡诱导的抗癌机制，该机制是通过激活JNK途径和凋亡调节蛋白介导的。这些结果表明，凡诺达林可被开发为用于人类结直肠癌治疗的有效化学治疗剂。研究表明，凡诺达林对人结肠癌细胞具有凋亡诱导的抗癌机制，该机制是通过激活JNK途径和凋亡调节蛋白介导的。这些结果表明，凡诺达林可被开发为用于人类结直肠癌治疗的有效化学治疗剂。研究表明，凡诺达林对人结肠癌细胞具有凋亡诱导的抗癌机制，该机制是通过激活JNK途径和凋亡调节蛋白介导的。这些结果表明，凡诺达林可被开发为用于人类结直肠癌治疗的有效化学治疗剂。