Following damage by herbivores, many plants release volatiles that dissuade future conspecifics from feeding. In many crop plants however, induced volatiles mediating this kind of interactions among plants, herbivores and also their natural enemies have been altered through the process of domestication. The selection of crops for increased yield may have gone at a cost of defense, possibly including defense-related volatiles. Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), a specialist leafhopper that only feeds on Zea spp., is a vector of Corn Stunt Spiroplasma, a serious maize disease. Here, we compared the volatiles released following D. maidis attack by a maize landrace and two maize hybrids of temperate and tropical background. Also, we performed behavioral assays with the leafhopper contrasting healthy non-attacked maize seedlings versus attacked seedlings. The maize landrace produced more than 6-fold larger quantities of induced volatiles compared to the maize hybrids after herbivory. Corn leafhopper females were able to detect and significantly preferred the odors of healthy seedlings over the attacked ones only in the landrace. They did not discriminate between the attacked and non-attacked hybrids. Additionally, we found that the attraction of the parasitoid wasp Anagrus virlai (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) to its host was diminished in the tested hybrids. The parasitoid was able to detect the odors of the attacked landrace, however it was unable to discriminate between healthy and attacked maize hybrid plants. These results suggest that those more domesticated germplasms may have lost the ability not only to release volatiles that avoid colonization of future herbivores, but also to attract their natural enemies in a tritrophic system.

中文翻译：

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现代玉米杂交种失去了自上而下和自上而下控制的食草动物Dalbulus maidis的控制权。

食草动物破坏后，许多植物释放出挥发物，阻止了饲料中的未来种。但是，在许多农作物植物中，通过驯化过程已改变了介导植物，草食动物及其天敌之间这种相互作用的挥发物。选择增加产量的农作物可能要付出防御的代价，其中可能包括与国防有关的挥发物。Dalbulus maidis（Hemiptera：Cicadellidae）是一种仅以Zea spp。为食的专业叶蝉，它是玉米特技螺旋体的一种媒介，玉米是严重的玉米病。在这里，我们比较了D. maidis之后释放的挥发物玉米地方品种和两种温带和热带背景的玉米杂交种的侵袭。此外，我们用叶蝉进行了行为分析，对比了健康的未攻击玉米幼苗和受攻击的幼苗。与草食后的玉米杂交种相比，玉米地方品种产生的诱导挥发物含量高出六倍。玉米叶蝉的雌性能够检测到健康的幼苗，并且比仅在地方品种中受侵染的气味明显偏爱。他们没有区别受攻击的和未受攻击的混合动力。此外，我们发现了寄生蜂黄蜂Anagrus virlai的吸引力（Hymenoptera：Mymaridae）寄主的减少了在测试的杂种。寄生虫能够检测出受侵害的地方品种的气味，但是无法区分健康的和受侵害的玉米杂交植物。这些结果表明，那些驯化程度更高的种质可能不仅失去释放挥发性物质的能力，这些挥发性物质避免了将来的草食动物的定殖，而且还失去了在营养系统中吸引其天敌的能力。