Empirical studies among small-scale societies show that participation in national development programs impact traditional norms of community cooperation. We explore the extent to which varying levels of village and individual involvement in development policies relate to voluntary cooperation within community settings. We used a field experiment conducted in seven villages (208 participants) from an indigenous society in Indonesia known for their strong traditional cooperative norms, the Punan Tubu. We framed the experiment in terms of an ongoing government house-building program. The results indicate that there were synergistic and antagonistic interactions between existing cooperative norms and government development policies. Participants’ cooperation in the experimental setting was low, probably because the Punan Tubu are used to cooperating and sharing both under demand and in a context in which uncooperative behavior is largely unpunished. Variation in experimental behavior was related to both village- and individual-level variables, with participants living in resettlement villages and participants living in a house constructed under the government program displaying more cooperative behavior. The cooperation evident in resettled villages may indicate that people in these villages are more comfortable interacting in anonymous settings and less committed to the demand-sharing norms still prevalent in the upstream villages. The more cooperative behavior among villagers who have previously received a house might indicate that they recognize that they are now better off than others and feel more obliged to cooperate. Policies aiming to capitalize on existing cooperative behavior to stimulate community collective action should consider the specific conditions under which cooperation occurs in real settings since traditional norms that regulate cooperative behavior might not translate well to cooperation in government-led programs.

中文翻译：

---

开发计划能影响合作吗？：来自印尼框架现场实验的结果。

小规模社会的实证研究表明，参与国家发展计划会影响传统的社区合作规范。我们探讨了不同程度的村庄和个人参与发展政策与社区环境中的自愿合作相关的程度。我们使用了来自印度尼西亚土著社会的七个村庄（208个参与者）进行的实地实验，该村庄以其强大的传统合作规范Punan Tubu闻名。我们根据正在进行的政府房屋建设计划来设计实验。结果表明，现有合作规范与政府发展政策之间存在协同和对抗的相互作用。参与者在实验环境中的合作程度很低，可能是因为Punan Tubu习惯于在需求下和在很大程度上不惩罚不合作行为的情况下进行合作和共享。实验行为的变化与村级变量和个体级变量都相关，参与者居住在安置村庄，参与者居住在根据政府计划建造的房屋中，表现出更多的合作行为。在重新安置的村庄中显而易见的合作可能表明，这些村庄中的人们在匿名环境中进行互动时更加舒适，并且对上游村庄中仍然普遍存在的需求共享准则的投入较少。以前收到房屋的村民之间的合作程度更高，这可能表明他们认识到自己现在比其他人更富裕，并且更有义务合作。