The moon landing, now more than a half century in the past, has turned out to be the culmination of human space travel, rather than its beginning. Genetic engineering, especially applications of CRISPR, now presents the most publicly-discussed engineering challenges—and not just technical, but ethical as well. In this article, I will use the two most controversial genomic engineering applications to help identify the ethics and human rights implications of these research projects. Each of these techniques directly modifies the mechanisms of evolution, threatens to alter our views of ourselves as humans and our planet as our home, and presents novel informed consent and dual use challenges: human genome editing and gene drives in insects.I begin with a discussion of so far disastrously unsuccessful attempts to regulate germline editing in humans, including a summary of the first application of germline genome editing in humans and its aftermath. I then turn to a discussion of setting ethical standards for a genomic technology that has not yet been deployed in nature—gene drives. Finally, I end by suggesting that human rights can and should be directly applicable to defining the ethics of genomic research.

中文翻译：

---

基因组编辑 2020：人类种系编辑中的伦理和人权以及蚊子中的基因驱动

半个多世纪前的登月已证明是人类太空旅行的高潮，而不是它的开始。基因工程，尤其是 CRISPR 的应用，现在提出了最公开讨论的工程挑战——不仅仅是技术上的，还有伦理上的。在本文中，我将使用两个最具争议的基因组工程应用来帮助确定这些研究项目的伦理和人权影响。这些技术中的每一种都直接改变了进化机制，有可能改变我们对人类和地球作为家园的看法，并提出新的知情同意和双重用途挑战：人类基因组编辑和昆虫基因驱动。我从一个讨论迄今为止在人类中调节生殖系编辑的灾难性失败尝试，包括生殖系基因组编辑在人类中的首次应用及其后果的总结。然后，我转而讨论为尚未在自然界部署的基因组技术——基因驱动——设定道德标准。最后，我建议人权可以而且应该直接适用于定义基因组研究的伦理。