Early life is a critical time window for the neonatal gut to be progressively populated with different bacterial species that collectively promote gut maturation. A fully developed and healthy gut microbiome in neonates is an important driver for the development of other aspects of health. Unlike the relatively stable gut microbiome in adults, the developing gut microbiome in neonates exhibits higher plasticity and adaptability. This also underscores the unique window of opportunity for intervention or preventive measures to improve long-term health through modulations of the gut microbiome in early life. Better understanding of the neonatal gut microbiome - how it arises and how it impacts immune cell development - will help us appreciate the underpinnings of immune-related diseases. Here, we examine recent findings on the neonatal gut microbiome and discuss their implications for understanding this important driver of the maturation of the immune system and immunity against infections in early life.

中文翻译：

---

新生儿肠道微生物组和免疫力。

生命早期是新生儿肠道逐渐充满不同细菌种类的关键时间窗口，这些细菌共同促进肠道成熟。新生儿发育完全且健康的肠道微生物组是健康其他方面发展的重要驱动力。与成人相对稳定的肠道微生物组不同，新生儿肠道微生物组的发育表现出更高的可塑性和适应性。这也强调了通过调节生命早期肠道微生物组来采取干预或预防措施来改善长期健康的独特机会之窗。更好地了解新生儿肠道微生物组——它是如何产生的以及它如何影响免疫细胞的发育——将有助于我们了解免疫相关疾病的基础。在这里，我们研究了新生儿肠道微生物组的最新发现，并讨论了它们对理解生命早期免疫系统成熟和抵抗感染的免疫力这一重要驱动因素的影响。