We used the truth and bias model to examine changes in tracking accuracy and under/overestimation (directional bias) on therapists' judgments about clients' satisfaction. We examined 3 factors of clinical experience that could moderate accuracy: (a) overall level of acquaintanceship with a client, operationalized as treatment length (i.e., less or more time seeing a client), (b) time point in therapy with a specific client, operationalized as session number (i.e., earlier or later in treatment with a client), and (c) order (1st client seen, 2nd client seen . . . last client seen across two years of training in a psychology clinic) in which clients were seen. We conducted a three-level hierarchical linear modeling using data on 6054 sessions, nested in 284 adult clients, nested in 41 doctoral student therapists providing open-ended psychodynamic individual psychotherapy. We found that therapists were able to accurately track client-rated session evaluations with less underestimation (i.e., lower tendency to estimate that clients were less satisfied than they actually were) as they gained experience (both treatment length and client order). Furthermore, therapists exhibited greater tracking accuracy gains over the span of shorter treatments and when working with clients earlier in their clinical training. In longer treatments and with clients seen later in training, tracking accuracy was stable and consistent. Implications for research and practice are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

---

治疗师评估客户满意度的能力是否有所提高？真理与偏见模型。


我们使用真相与偏差模型来检查跟踪准确性的变化以及治疗师对客户满意度判断的低估/高估（方向偏差）。我们检查了可能调节准确性的临床经验的 3 个因素：(a) 与客户的总体熟悉程度，可操作为治疗长度（即见客户的时间更少或更长），(b) 与特定客户进行治疗的时间点，可操作为会话编号（即，与客户治疗的较早或较晚），以及（c）顺序（第一个客户看到的，第二个客户看到的......在心理诊所的两年培训中看到的最后一个客户），其中客户被看见了。我们使用 6054 个疗程的数据进行了三级分层线性建模，其中包括 284 名成年客户和 41 名提供开放式心理动力学个体心理治疗的博士生治疗师。我们发现，随着经验的积累（治疗时长和客户订单），治疗师能够准确跟踪客户评价的会话评估，并且低估程度较低（即，估计客户比实际情况不太满意的倾向较低）。此外，治疗师在较短的治疗期间以及在临床培训的早期与客户合作时表现出更大的跟踪准确性。在较长的治疗过程中以及在培训后期见到客户时，跟踪准确性是稳定且一致的。讨论了对研究和实践的影响。 （PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2020 APA，保留所有权利）。