Prior evidence suggests that White participants who repeatedly approach images of Black people and avoid images of White people can exhibit a reduction in implicit racial bias (Kawakami, Phills, Steele, & Dovidio, 2007). In contrast, a recent study by Van Dessel, De Houwer, Gast, and Smith (2015) showed that mere instructions to perform approach-avoidance training in an upcoming phase produces a similar change in implicit evaluations of unfamiliar but not familiar social groups. We report 4 experiments that examined the replicability and generalizability of these findings for well-known social groups. Experiment 1 was a replication of the study by Kawakami et al. (2007) in a different domain (i.e., Flemish students' bias toward Turkish people) showing relatively weak evidence for small approach-avoidance training effects on implicit evaluations and explicit liking ratings. Experiment 2 replicated the finding of Van Dessel et al. (2015) that approach-avoidance instructions do not influence implicit evaluations of social out-groups and found no instruction effects even when participants first completed training with nonsocial stimuli. Experiment 3 established the presence of a small approach-avoidance training effect on implicit (but not explicit evaluations) in a large online sample. Experiment 4 directly compared approach-avoidance training and instruction effects, corroborating (a) the effect of training on implicit evaluations which was both small and subject to boundary conditions and (b) the absence of such an effect of instructions. There were again no effects on explicit evaluations. Whereas the current findings provide supportive evidence for training-based approach-avoidance effects (on Implicit Association Test [IAT] scores: meta-analytic effect size current experiments: d = 0.18, Bayes Factor = 65.22; current and prior experiments: d = 0.23, Bayes Factor = 4404.42) and evidence for the absence of instruction-based effects (Bayes Factors < 0.19), they also illustrate that there is still much uncertainty regarding the boundary conditions of these effects and the underlying mental processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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关于避免方法指导和培训对改变社会群体评价的有效性。

先前的证据表明，反复接近黑人图像并避免白人图像的白人参与者可以减少内在的种族偏见（Kawakami，Phills，Steele和Dovidio，2007）。相反，Van Dessel，De Houwer，Gast和Smith的最新研究（2015年）表明，仅在即将到来的阶段进行避免接触训练的指令，会对不熟悉但不熟悉的社会群体的内在评估产生类似的变化。我们报告了4个实验，这些实验检查了这些发现对知名社会群体的可复制性和可概括性。实验1是Kawakami等人的研究的重复。（2007）在另一个领域（例如，佛兰德学生 对土耳其人民的偏见）显示出相对较弱的证据，表明对避免隐身评估和明确喜好等级的进近避免训练的影响较小。实验2重复了Van Dessel等人的发现。（2015年），方法避免指令不会影响对社交团体的隐式评估，即使参与者首先完成了非社会刺激的训练，也没有发现指令效果。实验3建立了对大型在线样本中的隐式（但不是显式评估）的小方法避免训练效果的存在。实验4直接比较了避免进近的训练和指导效果，证实了（a）训练对隐式评估的影响，该评估既小又受边界条件的影响，并且（b）没有这种指导效果。再次对明确评估没有影响。鉴于目前的发现为基于训练的方法避免效应提供了支持性证据（对内隐联想测验[IAT]评分：荟萃分析效应量当前实验：d = 0.18，贝叶斯因子= 65.22；当前和先前实验：d = 0.23 （贝叶斯因子= 4404.42）和缺乏基于指令的效应的证据（贝叶斯因子<0.19），它们还说明了这些效应的边界条件和潜在的心理过程仍然存在很多不确定性。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。荟萃分析的影响大小目前的实验：d = 0.18，贝叶斯因子= 65.22；当前和先前的实验：d = 0.23，贝叶斯因子= 4404.42）和缺乏基于指令的效应的证据（贝叶斯因子<0.19），它们还表明，这些效应的边界条件和潜在的影响仍然存在很多不确定性心理过程。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。荟萃分析的影响大小目前的实验：d = 0.18，贝叶斯因子= 65.22；当前和先前的实验：d = 0.23，贝叶斯因子= 4404.42）和缺乏基于指令的效应的证据（贝叶斯因子<0.19），它们还表明，这些效应的边界条件和潜在的影响仍然存在很多不确定性心理过程。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。