Young children's mathematics abilities may be divided between symbolic and non‐symbolic skills. Lower performance of SES disadvantaged versus advantaged children has already been established in symbolic math.

中文翻译：

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非象征性的数字任务是否减少了社会阶层之间的差异？来自 ELFE 队列的证据

幼儿的数学能力可分为象征性技能和非象征性技能。在符号数学中已经确定了 SES 弱势儿童与优势儿童的较低表现。