Stem cells are considered to have significant capacity to differentiate into various cell types in humans and animals. Unlike specialized cells, these cells can proliferate several times to produce millions of cells. Nowadays, pluripotent stem cells are important candidates to provide a renewable source for the replacement of cells in tissues of interest. The damage to neurons and glial cells in the brain or spinal cord is present in neurological disorders such as Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, spinal cord injury, lysosomal storage disorder, epilepsy, and glioblastoma. Therefore, stem cell transplantation can be used as a novel therapeutic approach in cases of brain and spinal cord damage. Recently, researchers have generated neuron-like cells and glial-like cells from embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and neural stem cells. In addition, several experimental studies have been performed for developing stem cell transplantation in brain tissue. Herein, we focus on stem cell therapy to regenerate injured tissue resulting from neurological diseases and then discuss possible differentiation pathways of stem cells to the renewal of neurons.

干细胞被认为具有在人和动物中分化成各种细胞类型的显着能力。与特化细胞不同，这些细胞可以增殖数次以产生数百万个细胞。如今，多能干细胞是重要的候选者，可以为替换感兴趣的组织中的细胞提供可再生资源。大脑或脊髓中神经元和神经胶质细胞的损伤存在于神经系统疾病中，例如肌萎缩侧索硬化、中风、帕金森病、多发性硬化症、阿尔茨海默病、亨廷顿病、脊髓损伤、溶酶体贮积症、癫痫和胶质母细胞瘤. 因此，干细胞移植可作为脑和脊髓损伤病例的一种新型治疗方法。最近，研究人员已经从胚胎干细胞、间充质干细胞和神经干细胞中产生了神经元样细胞和神经胶质样细胞。此外，已经进行了几项实验研究来开发脑组织中的干细胞移植。在此，我们专注于干细胞疗法以再生神经系统疾病导致的损伤组织，然后讨论干细胞可能的分化途径以更新神经元。