Abstract

Presumably, due to a rapid early diversification, major parts of the higher-level phylogeny of birds are still resolved controversially in different analyses or are considered unresolvable. To address this problem, we produced an avian tree of life, which includes molecular sequences of one or several species of ∼90% of the currently recognized family-level taxa (429 species, 379 genera) including all 106 family-level taxa of the nonpasserines and 115 of the passerines (Passeriformes). The unconstrained analyses of noncoding 3-prime untranslated region (3′-UTR) sequences and those of coding sequences yielded different trees. In contrast to the coding sequences, the 3′-UTR sequences resulted in a well-resolved and stable tree topology. The 3′-UTR contained, unexpectedly, transcription factor binding motifs that were specific for different higher-level taxa. In this tree, grebes and flamingos are the sister clade of all other Neoaves, which are subdivided into five major clades. All nonpasserine taxa were placed with robust statistical support including the long-time enigmatic hoatzin (Opisthocomiformes), which was found being the sister taxon of the Caprimulgiformes. The comparatively late radiation of family-level clades of the songbirds (oscine Passeriformes) contrasts with the attenuated diversification of nonpasseriform taxa since the early Miocene. This correlates with the evolution of vocal production learning, an important speciation factor, which is ancestral for songbirds and evolved convergent only in hummingbirds and parrots. As 3′-UTR-based phylotranscriptomics resolved the avian family-level tree of life, we suggest that this procedure will also resolve the all-species avian tree of life

中文翻译：

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使用3'UTR的无偏分子方法可解决禽类的生命树。

摘要

据推测，由于迅速的早期多样化，鸟类高级别系统发育的大部分仍在不同的分析中有争议地解决或被认为是无法解决的。为了解决这个问题，我们制作了鸟类生命树，其中包括一种或几种约90％的当前公认的家庭级分类群（429种，379属）的分子序列，包括该物种的所有106个家庭级分类群。非雀形目和115个雀形目（Passeriformes）。非编码3素非翻译区（3'-UTR）序列的无约束分析和编码序列的无约束分析产生了不同的树。与编码序列相反，3'-UTR序列产生了良好解析的稳定树形拓扑。3'-UTR意外包含 特定于不同高级分类群的转录因子结合基序。在这棵树中，格里布和火烈鸟是所有其他Neoaves的姐妹进化枝，它们被细分为五个主要进化枝。所有非雀形目类群都得到了有力的统计支持，包括长期神秘的薄粉虱（Opisthocomiformes），后者被发现是Caprimulgiformes的姐妹类群。自中新世以来，鸣禽（卵形Passeriformes）家族水平进化枝的辐射相对较晚，这与非Passeraform分类群的减弱的多样性形成了对比。这与声乐生产学习的发展相关，声乐生产学习是重要的物种形成因素，它是鸣禽的祖先，仅在蜂鸟和鹦鹉中会聚。