Commercially reared cavity‐nesting bees have been studied mainly in large, intensively managed orchards. However, knowledge on wild cavity‐nesting bee and wasp communities and their potential limitations in smaller orchards remain insufficient. We compared the colonization rate of trapnests, nesting success, parasitism and response to flower resources of cavity‐nesting bees and wasps between apple orchards and nearby semi‐natural habitats (SNHs). Trapnests were placed in orchards and neighbouring SNHs. Colonization dynamics were studied and herbaceous flower resources were estimated. Furthermore, nest and brood cell quantity, number of alive offspring and nest parasitism rate were assessed. We found a higher colonization rate in the SNHs than in the orchards. Both bees and wasps made more nests, completed more brood cells and had a higher number of alive offspring in the SNHs. The number of bee nests in the orchards showed a positive correlation with the species richness of the flowering plants. The nest parasitism of wasps was higher in the SNHs. Apple orchards in the studied small‐scale system were generally less colonized by cavity‐nesting hymenopterans than nearby SNHs that can be important reservoirs of these ecosystem service provider hymenopterans. Our results highlight the importance of diverse flowering herbaceous vegetation in the understory that increased the number of bee nests in orchards and that could have a positive effect on the nesting activity of the bee species active in summer. Therefore, management practices that support flowering plant species in the understory vegetation are highly recommended in such orchards.

中文翻译：

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与附近的半自然栖息地相比，在小型苹果园中，空巢蜂和黄蜂的筑巢活动较低

商业饲养的空巢蜂主要在大型、集约化管理的果园中进行研究。然而，关于野生蜂和黄蜂群落及其在较小果园中的潜在局限性的知识仍然不足。我们比较了苹果园和附近半自然栖息地 (SNH) 之间的陷阱巢的定植率、筑巢成功率、寄生性以及对空巢蜜蜂和黄蜂的花卉资源的响应。陷阱被放置在果园和邻近的 SNH 中。研究了定植动态并估计了草本花卉资源。此外，还评估了巢和育雏细胞数量、存活后代的数量和巢寄生率。我们发现 SNH 的定植率高于果园。蜜蜂和黄蜂都做了更多的巢穴，完成了更多的育雏细胞，并且在 SNH 中有更多的存活后代。果园蜂巢数量与开花植物的物种丰富度呈正相关。黄蜂的巢寄生在SNHs中较高。在所研究的小规模系统中，与附近的 SNH 相比，在所研究的小规模系统中的苹果园通常较少被腔巢膜翅目昆虫定殖，后者可能是这些生态系统服务提供者膜翅目昆虫的重要储存库。我们的研究结果强调了林下不同开花草本植被的重要性，这些植被增加了果园中蜂巢的数量，并且可能对夏季活跃的蜜蜂物种的筑巢活动产生积极影响。因此，在此类果园中强烈建议采用支持林下植被中开花植物物种的管理措施。