Plant populations can undergo very localized adaptation, allowing widely distributed populations to adapt to divergent habitats in spite of recurrent gene flow. Neotropical trees—whose large and undisturbed populations often span a variety of environmental conditions and local habitats—are particularly good models to study this process. Here, we explore patterns of adaptive divergence from large (i.e., regional) to small (i.e., microgeographic) spatial scales in the hyperdominant Amazonian tree Eperua falcata Aubl. (Fabaceae) under a replicated design involving two microhabitats (~300 m apart) in two study sites (~300 km apart). A three‐year reciprocal transplant illustrates that, beyond strong maternal effects and phenotypic plasticity, genetically driven divergence in seedling growth and leaf traits was detected both between seedlings originating from different regions, and between seedlings from different microhabitats. In parallel, a complementary genome scan for selection was carried out through whole‐genome sequencing of tree population pools. A set of 290 divergence outlier SNPs was detected at the regional scale (between study sites), while 185 SNPs located in the vicinity of 106 protein‐coding genes were detected as replicated outliers between microhabitats within regions. Outlier‐surrounding genomic regions are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including plant responses to stress (e.g., oxidative stress, hypoxia and metal toxicity) and biotic interactions. Together with evidence of microgeographic divergence in functional traits, the discovery of genomic candidates for microgeographic adaptive divergence represents a promising advance in our understanding of local adaptation, which probably operates across multiple spatial scales and underpins divergence and diversification in Neotropical trees.

中文翻译：

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基因组和表型差异揭示了亚马逊地区优势树Eperua falcata Aubl的微观地理适应性。（豆科）

植物种群可以进行非常局部的适应，从而使分布广泛的种群尽管基因流反复出现也能适应不同的生境。新热带树木（其人口众多且不受干扰）通常跨越各种环境条件和当地栖息地，是研究这一过程的特别好模型。在这里，我们探索亚马逊支tree树Eperua falcata中从大（即区域）到小（即微观地理）空间尺度的自适应发散模式。Aubl。（Fabaceae）在两个研究地点（相距约300 km）中涉及两个微生境（相距约300 m）的复制设计下。三年的相互移植表明，除了母体的强大作用和表型可塑性外，在不同地区的幼苗之间以及不同微生境的幼苗之间还检测到了遗传驱动的幼苗生长和叶片性状差异。同时，通过全基因组测序对树木种群进行了互补的基因组扫描以进行选择。在区域范围内（研究地点之间）检测到一组290个发散离群SNP，而在区域内微生境之间的复制离群中检测到位于106个蛋白质编码基因附近的185个SNP。异常周围的基因组区域涉及多种生理过程，包括植物对胁迫的反应（例如氧化胁迫，缺氧和金属毒性）和生物相互作用。连同功能性状的微地理差异的证据一起，发现微地理适应性差异的基因组候选物代表了我们对局部适应性的理解的有希望的进步，该理解可能跨越多个空间尺度，并支撑了新热带树木的差异性和多样化。