Problems to solve nowadays have never been so complex and are continuously increasing in complexity. In this context Systems of Systems (SoS) may be a solution but the study of such systems is far from over. An SoS is a complex system characterized by the particular nature of its components: the latter, which are systems, tend to be managerially and operationally independent as well as geographically distributed. This specific characterization led to re-think research fields of classic systems engineering, such as definition, taxonomy, modeling, architecting, etc. SoS architecting focuses on the way independent components of an SoS can be dynamically structured and can autonomously and efficiently modify their interactions in order to fulfill the goal of the SoS and to cope with the high dynamics of the environment.

This paper contributes to the multi-agent and SoS research fields by proposing a new generic SoS model called SApHESIA which considers the SoS main characteristics found in the literature and extends the notion of environment and interactions between component systems. It also proposes a new SoS architecting procedure based on the Adaptive Multi-Agent System (AMAS) approach that advocates full cooperation between all the components of the SoS through the concept of criticality. This criticality is a measure, local to each component, expressing its difficulties to reach its local goals. In this procedure, the SoS architecture evolves to self-adapt to the dynamics of the environment in which it is plunged, while considering the respective local goals of its components. An instantiation of SApHESIA to two distinct cases studies from different domains (logistics and exploratory missions) is done to obtain two SoSs. These two SoS are then coupled to form a new SoS at an upper level. Evaluations of these SoSs show that their cooperation make each of them more efficient.

如今，要解决的问题从未如此复杂，并且其复杂性不断增加。在这种情况下，系统系统（SoS）可能是一种解决方案，但是对此类系统的研究还远远没有结束。SoS是一个复杂的系统，其特征是其组件的特殊性质：后者是系统，往往在管理和操作上都是独立的，并且在地理位置上也很分散。这种特定的特征导致对经典系统工程的研究领域进行了重新思考，例如定义，分类，建模，架构等。SoS架构着重于如何动态构建SoS的独立组件并可以自主高效地修改其交互的方式。为了实现SoS的目标并应对环境的高度动态变化。

本文通过提出一种称为SApHESIA的通用SoS新模型，为多代理和SoS研究领域做出了贡献，该模型考虑了文献中发现的SoS主要特征，并扩展了环境和组件系统之间的交互作用的概念。它还提出了一种基于自适应多代理系统（AMAS）方法的新的SoS架构过程，该过程主张通过关键性概念在SoS的所有组件之间进行全面合作。这种重要性是针对每个组成部分的一种度量，表示难以实现其本地目标。在此过程中，SoS体系结构可以适应其所处环境的动态变化，同时考虑其组件各自的局部目标。将SApHESIA实例化为来自不同领域（物流和探索任务）的两个不同案例研究，以获得两个SoS。然后，将这两个SoS耦合在一起，以形成更高级别的新SoS。对这些SoS的评估表明，他们的合作使他们每个人都更有效率。