One of the grand challenges at the forefront of bionanomaterials is their quick clearance in blood circulation. Progress has been made in understanding nanomaterial-biological system interactions and in developing new strategies to extend the blood circulation time of nanomaterials. Here, we first review interactions between the complement system and nanomaterials as well as clearance pathways in major organs such as the liver, spleen, and kidneys. We then discuss new approaches to prolong the blood circulation of nanomaterials with a focus on grafting polymers and biomimetic camouflages including cell membrane coating and hybrid vesicles. In the end, we provide insights into the pros and cons of these approaches and our perspectives for advancing this field.

仿生材料最前沿的挑战之一是它们在血液循环中的快速清除。在理解纳米材料与生物系统的相互作用以及开发新的策略以延长纳米材料的血液循环时间方面已经取得了进展。在这里，我们首先回顾补体系统与纳米材料之间的相互作用以及主要器官（例如肝脏，脾脏和肾脏）的清除途径。然后，我们将讨论延长纳米材料血液循环的新方法，重点是嫁接聚合物和仿生伪装，包括细胞膜涂层和杂化囊泡。最后，我们提供了有关这些方法的利弊的见解，以及我们推进该领域的观点。