The gut microbiome is increasingly implicated in modifying susceptibility to and progression of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). In this review, we discuss roles for the microbiome in aging and in NDs. In particular, we summarize findings from human studies on microbiome alterations in Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Huntington’s disease. We assess animal studies of genetic and environmental models for NDs that investigate how manipulations of the microbiome causally impact the development of behavioral and neuropathological endophenotypes of disease. We additionally evaluate the likely immunological, neuronal, and metabolic mechanisms for how the gut microbiota may modulate risk for NDs. Finally, we speculate on cross-cutting features for microbial influences across multiple NDs and consider the potential for microbiome-targeted interventions for NDs.

肠道微生物组越来越多地参与改变神经退行性疾病 (ND) 的易感性和进展。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了微生物组在衰老和 ND 中的作用。我们特别总结了关于帕金森病、阿尔茨海默病、肌萎缩侧索硬化症和亨廷顿病的微生物组改变的人类研究结果。我们评估了新城疫遗传和环境模型的动物研究，这些研究调查了微生物组的操纵如何因果影响疾病的行为和神经病理内表型的发展。我们还评估了肠道微生物群如何调节新城疫风险的可能免疫学、神经元和代谢机制。最后，我们推测了微生物对多种新城疫的影响的交叉特征，并考虑了针对新城疫的微生物组针对性干预措施的潜力。