A high number of fungal strains were isolated from roots of Brassicaceae species collected across western and southern Europe, resulting in an unexpectedly rich collection of Cadophora species. These isolates enable us to present a new and comprehensive view of the ecological, morphological, and phylogenetic traits of root-inhabiting members of this helotialean genus. We provide phylogenetic placement of all of our isolates based on a four-gene dataset, analyze their phenotypic traits in relation to their phylogenetic relationships, and infer the potential distribution ranges of the species by sequence comparisons with available databases. We consider seven well supported phylogenetic lineages as species new to science. Six further lineages probably also represent new species but remain undescribed due to the lack of diagnostic morphological characters. Our results show that Cadophora, as currently circumscribed, is paraphyletic and encompasses a broad spectrum of morphologies and lifestyles. Among the new species, only two (C. ferruginea and C. constrictospora) form phialides and conidia typical of Cadophora, three species (C. echinata, C. gamsii and C. variabilis) produce chains of swollen hyphal segments that may function as holoblastic conidia, and one species (C. fascicularis) produces chains of holoblastic ramoconidia and conidia. Ancestral state reconstruction analysis suggests that phialidic conidiogenesis evolved several times in Cadophora s. lat. from a putatively holoblastic common ancestor. Most Cadophora lineages are rare as estimated from the availability of sequence data, in spite of having relatively wide distribution ranges, whereas five lineages may represent endemic relationships given their restricted distributions. Our dataset, probably the most comprehensive available for Cadophora, nevertheless shows knowledge gaps concerning the phylogenetic relationships within this genus and highlights a need for further investigation.

中文翻译：

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十字花科植物根为内生菌的意想不到的多样性热点。

从整个西欧和南欧收集的十字花科物种的根中分离出大量真菌菌株，从而产生了出乎意料的丰富的Cadophora物种。这些分离物使我们能够提供关于该Helotialean属的生根成员的生态，形态和系统发育特性的新的综合视图。我们基于一个四基因数据集提供了所有分离株的系统发生位置，分析了它们与系统发生关系相关的表型特征，并通过与现有数据库的序列比较推断出该物种的潜在分布范围。我们认为七个受支持的系统发育谱系是科学新物种。另外六个谱系也可能代表新物种，但由于缺乏诊断形态特征而未被描述。我们的研究结果表明，目前限制使用的Cadophora是共生的，并涵盖了广泛的形态和生活方式。在新物种中，只有两个物种（C. ferruginea和C. constrictospora）形成了兜兰典型的phialides和分生孢子，三个物种（C. echinata，C。gamsii和C. variabilis）产生了链状的溶菌的链节，这些链节可能起着整体的作用分生孢子，一个物种（C. fascicularis）产生了成球状的裂殖性孢子和分生孢子。祖先状态重建分析表明，螺形分生发生在Cadophora中。拉特 来自一个公认的整体人类祖先。根据序列数据的可用性估计，大多数Cadophora谱系虽然分布范围较广，但很少见，而五个谱系由于其分布受限而可能代表地方性关系。我们的数据集可能是Cadophora可用的最全面的数据集，但仍显示出与该属系统发育关系有关的知识空白，并强调需要进一步研究。