Intestinal bacterial dysbiosis and increased gut permeability are associated with higher risk of developing type 1 diabetes (T1D) or celiac disease (CD). There is a lack of information on parasitism involved in gut disturbance of predisposed children. We evaluated the effect of enteropathogenic parasites (Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora spp. G. lamblia, and Blastocystis spp.) on the bacterial structure of feces from children with autoantibodies for T1D or CD. Participants included 37 children under 18 years of age, from whom stools were analyzed for enteric parasites by qPCR and 22/37 for bacterial profile by sequencing the V3–V4 region of the 16s rRNA gene. Dietary, clinical, and socioeconomic data was recorded. Pathogens parasitized 28/37 participants, Cryptosporidium spp. was the most prevalent (62.2%), followed by both Cyclospora cayetanensis and Blastocystis spp (37.8%). There were no dietary differences (p > 0.05) attributable to parasitism. Co-infected participants with Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora did not differ (p = 0.064) from non-infected participants in bacterial alpha phylogenetic diversity. The same parasites’ co-infection was associated with a decreased abundance of the Ruminococaceae (p = 0.04) and Verrucomicrobioceae families, of the Akkermansia genus (p = 0.009). There was a lower Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (p = 0.02) in infected than in uninfected participants. Cryptosporidium and Cyclospora affected the bacterial structure at family and genus levels, decreasing the ratio between Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in children with auto-antibodies for T1D or CD, which could increase the risk of illness onset.

中文翻译：

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肠道寄生虫感染扰乱了患有 1 型糖尿病和/或乳糜泻自身抗体的墨西哥儿童的细菌结构。

肠道细菌失调和肠道通透性增加与患 1 型糖尿病 (T1D) 或乳糜泻 (CD) 的风险增加有关。缺乏关于易感儿童肠道紊乱所涉及的寄生虫的信息。我们评估了肠道致病性寄生虫（隐孢子虫属、环孢子虫属、G.lamblia 和芽生孢子虫属）对患有 T1D 或 CD 自身抗体的儿童粪便细菌结构的影响。参与者包括 37 名 18 岁以下的儿童，通过 qPCR 分析粪便中的肠道寄生虫，并通过对 16s rRNA 基因的 V3-V4 区域进行测序来分析 22/37 的细菌谱。记录饮食、临床和社会经济数据。病原体寄生于 28/37 名参与者，隐孢子虫属。是最普遍的（62.2%），其次是 Cyclospora cayetanensis 和 Blastocystis spp (37.8%)。没有可归因于寄生的饮食差异（p > 0.05）。隐孢子虫和环孢子菌共同感染的参与者与未感染的参与者在细菌α系统发育多样性方面没有差异（p = 0.064）。相同寄生虫的共同感染与 Akkermansia 属的瘤胃球菌科 (p = 0.04) 和疣微菌科 (p = 0.009) 的丰度降低有关。感染者的厚壁菌门/拟杆菌门比率 (p = 0.02) 低于未感染者。隐孢子虫和环孢子菌影响了家族和属水平的细菌结构，降低了具有 T1D 或 CD 自身抗体的儿童中厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的比例，这可能增加发病风险。