Fly ash is a byproduct , obtained mainly from the Thermal Power Plant (TPP), constituting of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃.Other oxides present in Fly ash (FA) include Fe₂O₃, CaO, MgO etc.It may also contain some trace elements like As, Zn, Pb , Se ,Ga , Ge and some lesser amount of rare earth elements. The particle size of Fly ash normally ranges from 0.01 to 200 μm. Such variability in particle size distribution of Fly ash could influence the modification of Fly ash into many useful products like zeolites , geopolymers and other composite materials. The physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of Fly ash combined with its easy availability make this an attractive raw material for various applications. In order to explore the potential use of Fly ash, it is essential to deeply look into its characteristic properties. This review meticulously studies the characterization of Fly ash by different modern techniques including, X-ray diffraction Scanning (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform IR (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Thermo Gravimetric(TG) Test, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy(EDS), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS), Raman spectroscopy and attempts to correlate the same to its potential applications.

中文翻译：

---

粉煤灰的表征与利用研究进展

粉煤灰是一种副产物，主要从热电厂（TPP）获得，由SiO ₂和Al ₂ O _3组成。粉煤灰（FA）中存在的其他氧化物包括Fe ₂ O ₃，CaO，MgO等。它可能还包含一些微量元素，如As，Zn，Pb，Se，Ga，Ge和少量的稀土元素。粉煤灰的粒径通常为0.01至200μm。飞灰粒度分布的这种可变性可能会影响将飞灰改性成许多有用的产品，例如沸石，地质聚合物和其他复合材料。粉煤灰的物理，化学和矿物学特征以及其易得性使其成为各种应用的有吸引力的原材料。为了探索粉煤灰的潜在用途，必须深入研究其特性。这篇评论通过不同的现代技术，包括X射线衍射扫描（XRD），扫描电子显微镜（SEM），