The end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in Europe (~16.5 ka ago) set in motion major changes in human culture and population structure. In Southern Europe, Early Epigravettian material culture was replaced by Late Epigravettian art and technology about 18-17 ka ago at the beginning of southern Alpine deglaciation, although available genetic evidence from individuals who lived ~14 ka ago opened up questions on the impact of migrations on this cultural transition only after that date. Here we generate new genomic data from a human mandible uncovered at the Late Epigravettian site of Riparo Tagliente (Veneto, Italy), that we directly dated to 16,980-16,510 cal BP (2σ). This individual, affected by a low-prevalence dental pathology named focal osseous dysplasia, attests that the very emergence of Late Epigravettian material culture in Italy was already associated with migration and genetic replacement of the Gravettian-related ancestry. In doing so, we push back by at least 3,000 years the date of the diffusion in Southern Europe of a genetic component linked to Balkan/Anatolian refugia, previously believed to have spread during the later Bolling/Allerod warming event (~14 ka ago). Our results suggest that demic diffusion from a genetically diverse population may have substantially contributed to cultural changes in LGM and post-LGM Southern Europe, independently from abrupt shifts to warmer and more favourable conditions.

中文翻译：

---

早期的高山人类占领追溯到晚冰川欧洲向西的人类迁徙

欧洲的最后一次冰河最高峰（LGM）的结束（约16.5 ka以前）推动了人类文化和人口结构的重大变化。在南欧，南部高山冰消开始之初，早Epigravettian物质文化被晚期Epigravettian的艺术和技术所取代，大约在18-17 ka之前，尽管大约14 ka以前生活的个体的可用遗传证据提出了关于移民影响的疑问在那之后才进行这种文化转型。在这里，我们从Riparo Tagliente（意大利威尼托）的Epi Epiettiettian晚期站点发现的人类下颌骨生成新的基因组数据，我们直接将其定为16,980-16,510 cal BP（2σ）。该人受到低发性牙齿病理学（称为局灶性骨发育不良）的影响，证明了意大利晚期Epigravettian物质文化的兴起已经与Gravettian相关血统的迁徙和基因替代有关。为此，我们将与巴尔干/安纳托利亚避难所有关的遗传成分在南欧的扩散日期推迟了至少3,000年，以前认为该成分在后来的Bolling / Allerod变暖事件中传播了（〜14 ka以前） 。我们的结果表明，遗传多样性人群的大规模传播可能独立于突然转变为更温暖和更有利的条件而对LGM和LGM后南欧的文化变化做出了重大贡献。与巴尔干/安纳托利亚避难所有关的遗传成分在南欧扩散的日期为000年，以前被认为是在后来的Bolling / Allerod变暖事件中（约14 ka以前）扩散的。我们的研究结果表明，遗传多样性人群的大规模传播可能与LGM和LGM后南欧的文化变化有很大关系，而与突然转移到更温暖，更有利的条件无关。与巴尔干/安纳托利亚避难所有关的遗传成分在南欧扩散的日期为000年，以前被认为是在后来的Bolling / Allerod变暖事件中（约14 ka以前）扩散的。我们的结果表明，遗传多样性人群的大规模传播可能独立于突然转变为更温暖和更有利的条件而对LGM和LGM后南欧的文化变化做出了重大贡献。