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Evolution of Reproduction Periods in Seasonal Environments.
The American Naturalist ( IF 2.4 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-11 , DOI: 10.1086/708274
Zepeng Sun , Kalle Parvinen , Mikko Heino , Johan A. J. Metz , André M. de Roos , Ulf Dieckmann

Many species are subject to seasonal cycles in resource availability, affecting the timing of their reproduction. Using a stage-structured consumer-resource model in which juvenile development and maturation are resource dependent, we study how a species’ reproductive schedule evolves, dependent on the seasonality of its resource. We find three qualitatively different reproduction modes. First, continuous income breeding (with adults reproducing throughout the year) evolves in the absence of significant seasonality. Second, seasonal income breeding (with adults reproducing unless they are starving) evolves when resource availability is sufficiently seasonal and juveniles are more efficient resource foragers. Third, seasonal capital breeding (with adults reproducing partly through the use of energy reserves) evolves when resource availability is sufficiently seasonal and adults are more efficient resource foragers. Such capital breeders start reproduction already while their offspring are still experiencing starvation. Changes in seasonality lead to continuous transitions between continuous and seasonal income breeding, but the change between income and capital breeding involves a hysteresis pattern, such that a population’s evolutionarily stable reproduction pattern depends on its initial one. Taken together, our findings show how adaptation to seasonal environments can result in a rich array of outcomes, exhibiting seasonal or continuous reproduction with or without energy reserves.

中文翻译:

季节性环境中生殖期的演变。

许多物种的资源可利用性受到季节性周期的影响,从而影响其繁殖时间。我们使用一个阶段结构的消费者资源模型,在该模型中,少年的发育和成熟取决于资源,我们研究了一个物种的繁殖时间表如何根据其资源的季节性而发展。我们发现三种在质量上不同的复制模式。首先,在没有明显季节性的情况下,不断进行收入育种(成年繁殖)。第二,当资源可获得性足够季节性并且少年是更有效的资源觅食者时,季节性收入育种(成年后除非成年人饿死才能繁殖)就发展了。第三,当资源可获得性足够季节性且成年人是更有效的资源觅食者时,季节性资本繁殖(成年人通过使用部分能源来部分繁殖)便开始发展。这样的资本繁殖者已经在其后代仍然处于饥饿状态时开始繁殖。季节性的变化导致连续的和季节性的收入育种之间的连续过渡,但是收入和资本育种之间的变化涉及滞后模式,因此人口的进化稳定的繁殖模式取决于其初始模式。综上所述,我们的发现表明,适应季节性环境如何能够产生丰富的结果,无论是否具有能量储备,都表现出季节性或连续繁殖。这样的资本繁殖者已经在其后代仍然处于饥饿状态时开始繁殖。季节性的变化导致连续的和季节性的收入育种之间的连续过渡,但是收入和资本育种之间的变化涉及滞后模式,因此人口的进化稳定的繁殖模式取决于其初始模式。综上所述,我们的发现表明,适应季节性环境如何能够产生丰富的结果,无论是否具有能量储备,都表现出季节性或连续繁殖。这样的资本繁殖者已经在其后代仍然处于饥饿状态时开始繁殖。季节性的变化导致连续的和季节性的收入育种之间的连续过渡,但是收入和资本育种之间的变化涉及滞后模式,因此人口的进化稳定的繁殖模式取决于其初始模式。综上所述,我们的发现表明,适应季节性环境如何能够产生丰富的结果,无论是否具有能量储备,都表现出季节性或连续繁殖。但是收入和资本育种之间的变化涉及滞后模式,因此人口的进化稳定繁殖模式取决于其初始模式。综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,适应季节性环境如何能够产生丰富的结果,无论是否具有能量储备,都表现出季节性或连续繁殖。但是收入和资本育种之间的变化涉及滞后模式,因此人口的进化稳定繁殖模式取决于其初始模式。综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,适应季节性环境如何能够产生丰富的结果,无论是否具有能量储备,都表现出季节性或连续繁殖。
更新日期:2020-08-11
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