Abstract With the exception of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), relatively little is known about the early life history of larval coregonines in the Laurentian Great Lakes. For example, our knowledge of the feeding ecology of larval coregonines (excluding lake whitefish) is based on only 900 stomachs reported in the literature. Here, we describe the diets and demographics of larval coregonines from ice-out to late July, and the contemporaneous zooplankton community, in the Apostle Islands region of Lake Superior in 2018. Exogenous feeding was evident among the smallest larvae (down to 6 mm). Percent of larvae with food in their stomachs increased and yolk reserves decreased as larvae grew from 10 to 13 mm. A majority of the diet (58%) was copepod nauplii, with generally positive selection for adult copepods and Holopedium. The patterns in exogenous feeding and yolk sac absorption were similar to observations in Lake Superior in the 1970s. Diets were also generally similar, although Limnocalanus, Holopedium, and zooplankton eggs were more prevalent in 2018 than the 1970s. Demographic data suggested at least two distinct cohorts and/or coregonine species in 2018. Post-hoc genetic testing of larvae in a parallel study suggested our samples comprised a mix of predominantly cisco (C. artedi), kiyi (C. kiyi), and bloater (C. hoyi). Early life history studies, when coupled with emerging genetic techniques that can identify larval coregonines to species, will provide a powerful combination to better understand population dynamics of coregonines at a time of ongoing restoration and rehabilitation efforts throughout the Great Lakes.

中文翻译：

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幼虫 Coregonus spp。苏必利尔湖使徒群岛的饮食和浮游动物群落模式

摘要 除了湖白鱼 (Coregonus clupeaformis) 外，人们对劳伦斯大湖中幼鱼的早期生活史知之甚少。例如，我们对幼体核鱼（不包括湖白鱼）的摄食生态学的了解仅基于文献中报道的 900 个胃。在这里，我们描述了 2018 年苏必利尔湖使徒群岛地区从冰冻到 7 月下旬的幼虫共生体的饮食和人口统计数据，以及同期浮游动物群落。 在最小的幼虫（低至 6 毫米）中外源摄食很明显. 随着幼虫从 10 毫米长到 13 毫米，胃中有食物的幼虫百分比增加，蛋黄储备减少。大多数饮食 (58%) 是桡足类无节幼体，通常积极选择成年桡足类和海兔。外源性摄食和卵黄囊吸收的模式与 1970 年代苏必利尔湖的观察结果相似。饮食也大体相似，尽管与 1970 年代相比，Limnocalanus、Holopedium 和浮游动物卵在 2018 年更为普遍。人口统计学数据表明 2018 年至少有两个不同的群体和/或共角藻属物种。 在一项平行研究中对幼虫进行的事后基因检测表明，我们的样本主要由 cisco (C. artedi)、kiyi (C. kiyi) 和膨胀（C. hoyi）。早期生活史研究与新兴的遗传技术相结合，可以识别物种的幼虫共角蛋白，将提供强大的组合，以在整个五大湖正在进行的恢复和恢复工作中更好地了解共角蛋白的种群动态。