High toll charges force trucks to avoid quality roads, leading to increased emissions. We propose a model in this study to find an effective toll charging scheme to minimize total network vehicular emissions while maintaining reasonable revenue for investors. A bi-level modeling approach is used, where toll prices for multi-class vehicles are decided in the upper level and user response to toll charges are predicted using user equilibrium conditions with multi-class traffic assignment in the lower level. The model takes into consideration both toll revenue and total vehicle operating costs to produce an acceptable solution for both investors and road users. All major components of hazardous emissions were considered and estimated using secondary data, quantifying their impact on human health and the environment. The application of the model was illustrated using two networks considering different toll charging scenarios and near-optimal solutions were found for each toll-charging scenario. The results revealed that commonly used toll schemes are inefficient with respect to multi-stakeholder objectives. The optimized toll charging scheme was able to reduce the total emission costs of the network by 12 % compared to the toll scheme currently used by a toll facility in a real network in Melbourne, Australia.

高额通行费迫使卡车避免通行高质量的道路，从而导致排放增加。我们在本研究中提出了一个模型，以找到一种有效的收费方案，以最大程度地减少网络车辆的总排放量，同时又为投资者保持合理的收入。使用了双层建模方法，其中在较高级别确定多级车辆的通行费价格，并在较低级别使用多级交通分配的用户均衡条件预测用户对通行费的反应。该模型同时考虑了通行费收入和车辆总运营成本，以为投资者和道路使用者提供可接受的解决方案。有害排放物的所有主要成分均已考虑在内，并使用辅助数据进行了估算，以量化其对人类健康和环境的影响。该模型的应用是使用两个考虑了不同收费方案的网络来说明的，并且为每种收费方案找到了接近最优的解决方案。结果表明，就多方利益相关者的目标而言，常用的收费方案效率低下。与澳大利亚墨尔本真实网络中的收费设施当前使用的收费方案相比，优化的收费方案能够将网络的总排放成本降低12％。